Editing Linus Pauling (section)

{{Short description|American scientist and activist (1901–1994)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image             = File:Linus Pauling in the 1940s.jpg
| caption           = Pauling in the 1940s
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|ForMemRS}}
| birth_name        = Linus Carl Pauling
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1901|2|28}}
| birth_place       = [[Portland, Oregon]], U.S.
| nationality       = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| death_date        = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1994|8|19|1901|2|28}}}}
| death_place       = [[Big Sur]], California, U.S.
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Ava Helen Pauling|Ava Helen Miller]]|1923-06-17|1981-12-07|end=d.}}
| children          = 4
| field             = {{ubl|[[Quantum chemistry]]|[[Biochemistry]]}}
| education         = {{ubl|[[Oregon State University]] ([[B. S.|BS]])|[[California Institute of Technology]] ([[PhD]])}}
| work_institution  = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''As faculty member''}} 
 |[[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] (1927–1963)
 |[[University of California, San Diego|UC San Diego]] (1967–1969)
 |[[Stanford University|Stanford]] (1969–1975)
 }}
{{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''As fellow''}}
 |[[Cornell University]] (1937–1938)
 |[[University of Oxford]] (1948)
 |[[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]] (1963–1967)
 }}
| doctoral_advisor  = {{ubl|[[Roscoe G. Dickinson|Roscoe Dickinson]]|[[Richard C. Tolman|Richard Tolman]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=113591}}</ref>}}
| academic_advisors = {{ubl|[[Arnold Sommerfeld]]|[[Niels Bohr]]<ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926–1927) |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page9.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028235401/http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/chronology/page9.html |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |website=[[Oregon State University]] |language=en-US}}</ref>}}
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|
*[[Jerry Donohue]]
*[[Harvey Itano]]
*[[Barclay Kamb]]
*[[Martin Karplus]]
*[[Leonard Lerman]]
*[[William Lipscomb]]<ref name="mathgene" />
*[[Matthew Meselson]]
*[[Kurt Mislow]]
*[[Arthur Pardee]]
*[[Robert E. Rundle]]
*[[Edgar Bright Wilson]]
}}
| notable_students  = ''Undergrads:''
{{plainlist |
* [[Edwin McMillan]]
}}
''Post-docs:''
{{plainlist |
*[[Charles D. Coryell]]
*[[Jack D. Dunitz]]
*[[Sidney W. Fox]]
*[[Walter Gordy]]
*[[Edgar Heilbronner]]
*[[Jan Ketelaar]]
*[[Hans Kuhn (chemist)|Hans Kuhn]]
*[[Leslie Orgel]]
*[[Alexander Rich]]
*[[Seymour Jonathan Singer]]
}}
| thesis_title      = The Determination with X-Rays of the Structures of Crystals
| thesis_year       = 1925<ref name="paulingphd">{{Cite thesis |last=Pauling |first=Linus |title=The determination with x-rays of the structures of crystals |date=1925 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1791/ |doi=10.7907/F7V6-4P98 |language=en |author-mask=4 |access-date=April 13, 2022}}</ref>
| thesis_url        = https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1791
| known_for         = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{ubl|item_style={{longitem}}
 |[[Alpha sheet]]
 |[[Ancestral sequence reconstruction]]
 |[[Pi backbonding|Backbonding]]
 |[[Beta sheet]]
 |[[Bond order]]
 |[[Breath gas analysis]]
 |[[Coiled coil]]
 |[[Corey-Pauling rules]]
 |[[CPK coloring]]
 |[[Crystal structure prediction]]
 |[[Electronegativity]]
 |Elucidating [[chemical bond]]s and [[molecular structure]]s
 |[[Geometrical frustration]]
 |[[Orbital hybridisation|Hybridisation theory]]
 |[[Hydrogen bond]]ing
 |[[Ice-type model]]
 |[[Linear combination of atomic orbitals]]
 |[[Molecular clock]]
 |[[Molecular medicine]]
 |[[Non-carbon nanotube]]
 |[[Orbital overlap]]
 |[[Cooperative binding#Pauling equation|Pauling equation]]
 |[[Pauling's rules]]
 |[[Pauling–Corey–Branson alpha helix]]
 |[[Pauling's principle of electroneutrality]]
 |[[Quantum chemistry]]
 |[[Quantum graph]]
 |[[Residual entropy]]
 |[[Resonance (chemistry)]]
 |[[Slater–Pauling rule]]
 |[[Space-filling model]]
 |[[Valence bond theory]]
 |[[Vitamin C megadosage]]
 |[[Xenic acid]]
 |Advocating [[nuclear disarmament]]
 }}}}
| prizes            = {{ubl|item_style={{longitem}}
  | [[ACS Award in Pure Chemistry]] (1931)
  | [[Irving Langmuir Award]] (1931)
  | [[Davy Medal]] (1947)
  | [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1954)
  | [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1962)
  | [[Roebling Medal]] (1967)
  | [[Lenin Peace Prize]] (1968–1969)
  | [[National Medal of Science]] (1974)
  | [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (1977)
  | [[NAS Award in Chemical Sciences]] (1979)
  | [[Priestley Medal]] (1984)
  | [[Vannevar Bush Award]] (1989)
 }}
| signature         = Linus Pauling signature.svg
| footnotes         = The only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes.
}}

'''Linus Carl Pauling''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɔː|l|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|PAW|ling}}; February 28, 1901{{snd}}August 19, 1994)<ref name="ChemNobel">{{Cite web |title=Linus Pauling: Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404140945/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1954/pauling/facts/ |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=Nobel Prize |language=en}}</ref> was an American [[chemist]], [[biochemist]], [[chemical engineer]], [[peace activist]], author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.<ref name="VolumeI">{{Cite book |last=Pauling |first=Linus |title=Selected papers of Linus Pauling |date=1997 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-02-2939-9 |editor-last=Pauling |editor-first=Linus Jr. |edition=Volume I |location=[[River Edge, New Jersey]] |page=xvii |author-mask=4}}</ref> ''[[New Scientist]]'' called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time.<ref name="Horgan">{{Cite magazine |last=Horgan |first=J |year=1993 |title=Profile: Linus C. Pauling – Stubbornly Ahead of His Time |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |volume=266 |issue=3 |pages=36–40 |bibcode=1993SciAm.266c..36H |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0393-36}}</ref> For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1962. He is one of five people to have [[Nobel Prize#Multiple laureates|won more than one Nobel Prize]] (the others being [[Marie Curie]], [[John Bardeen]], [[Frederick Sanger]], and [[Karl Barry Sharpless]]).<ref name="Nobel">{{Nobelprize|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2022 |orig-date=2009-10-05 |title=Nobel Prize Facts |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111161907/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ |archive-date=January 11, 2017|access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=Nobel Prize |language=en }}</ref> and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being [[Marie Curie]].<ref name="Nobel" />

Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of [[quantum chemistry]] and [[molecular biology]].<ref name="natureobit">{{Cite journal |last=Rich |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Rich |year=1994 |title=Linus Pauling (1901–1994) |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=371 |issue=6495 |pages=285 |bibcode=1994Natur.371..285R |doi=10.1038/371285a0 |pmid=8090196 |doi-access=free |s2cid=8923975}}</ref> His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of [[orbital hybridisation]] and the first accurate scale of [[electronegativity|electronegativities]] of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the [[alpha helix]] and [[beta sheet]] in [[protein secondary structure]]. Pauling's approach combined methods and results from [[X-ray crystallography]], [[molecular model]] building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of [[Rosalind Franklin]], [[James Watson]], [[Francis Crick]], and [[Maurice Wilkins]] on the structure of [[DNA]], which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms.<ref name="Contributions to DNA double-helix discovery">{{Cite book |last=Gribbin |first=John |title=The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors |date=2004 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-8129-6788-3 |location=New York City |pages=558–569 |language=en |ol=8020832M |author-link=John Gribbin}}</ref>

In his later years, he promoted [[nuclear disarmament]], as well as [[orthomolecular medicine]], [[megavitamin therapy]],<ref name="isbn0-399-50764-7">{{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Irwin |author-link=Irwin Stone |url=https://archive.org/details/healingfactorvit0000ston |title=The healing factor: "vitamin C" against disease |date=1982 |publisher=Perigee Books |isbn=978-0-399-50764-9 |location=New York|language=en |oclc=10169988 |ol=9567597M |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> and [[dietary supplement]]s, especially [[ascorbic acid]] (commonly known as Vitamin C). None of his ideas concerning the medical usefulness of large doses of vitamins have gained much acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.<ref name="Horgan" /><ref name="Offit">{{Cite magazine |last=Offit |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Offit |date=July 19, 2013 |title=The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/07/the-vitamin-myth-why-we-think-we-need-supplements/277947/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |issn=2151-9463 |oclc=936540106 |access-date=July 19, 2013 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was married to the American human rights activist [[Ava Helen Pauling]].