Editing Lombard language (section)

{{Short description|Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy}}
{{For|the extinct 6th-century Germanic language|Lombardic language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Lombard
| nativename       = {{lang|lmo|lombard}}, {{lang|lmo|lumbard}}, {{lang|lmo|lumbart}}, {{lang|lmo|lombart}}
| states           = {{plainlist|
*[[Italy]]
*[[Switzerland]]
}}
| region           = Italy<ref name=JMI>{{cite book |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |first=James |last=Minahan |year=2000 |place=Westport}}</ref><ref name=CMO>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |first=Christopher |last=Moseley |year=2007 |place=New York}}</ref><ref name=AFI>{{cite book |title=Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy |first=Paolo |last=Coluzzi |year=2007 |place=Berne}}</ref>
*[[Lombardy]]
*[[Piedmont]]
*[[South Tyrol]]
*[[Trentino]]
Switzerland<ref name=JMI/><ref name=CMO/><ref name=AFI/>
*[[Grisons]]
*[[Ticino]]
Brazil<ref name="auto">Spoken in [[Botuverá]], in [[Brazil]], municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between [[Treviglio]] and [[Crema, Lombardy|Crema]]. A thesis of [[Leiden University]] about ''Brasilian Bergamasque'': [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/52581/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1].</ref>
*[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
| speakers         = 3.8 million
| date             = 2002
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Latin]]
| fam5             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam6             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam7             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam8             = Gallo-Iberian
| fam9             = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam10            = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]]
| fam11            = Lombard–[[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]?<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029130658/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piem1239 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| dia1             = [[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]]
| dia2             = [[Eastern Lombard dialect|Eastern Lombard]]
| iso3             = lmo
| glotto           = lomb1257
| glottorefname    = Lombard
| lingua           = 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od
| notice           = IPA
| map              = File:Lombard_Language_distribution.png
| mapcaption       = '''Lombard language distribution in Europe:'''
{{legend|#01987c|Areas where Lombard is spoken}}
{{legend|#01f0c4|Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages ([[Alemannic German|Alemannic]], [[Ladin language|Ladin]] and [[Romansh language|Romansh]]) and areas of linguistic transition (with [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]], with [[Emilian language|Emilian]] and with [[Venetian language|Venetian]])}}
{{legend|#a6feee|Areas of influence of Lombard ([[Trento|Tridentine]] dialect)}}
'''?''' Areas of uncertain diffusion of Ladin
| script           = Latin
| ancestor         = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor2        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old Gallo-Italic language|Old Gallo-Italic]]
| ancestor5        = [[Old Lombard]]
}}

The '''Lombard language''' ({{langx|lmo|lombard|link=no}},<ref group="N">[[Classical Milanese orthography]], {{ill|Scriver Lombard|lmo}} and {{ill|New Lombard Orthography|lmo|Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda}}.</ref> {{lang|lmo|lumbard}},<ref name=":02" group="N">[[Ticino|Ticinese]] orthography.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana - CDE (DECS) - Repubblica e Cantone Ticino |trans-title=Vocabulary of Swiss Italian dialects |url=https://www4.ti.ch/decs/dcsu/cde/pubblicazioni/vocabolario-dei-dialetti-della-svizzera-italiana/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www4.ti.ch}}</ref> {{lang|lmo|lumbart}}<ref group="N">Modern Western orthography and Classical Cremish Orthography.</ref> or {{lang|lmo|lombart}},<ref group="N">[[Eastern Lombard|Eastern]] unified orthography.{{Clarify|reason=Still not clear where this orthography is from and who codified it, as it is mentioned just on lmo.wiki in a page with no sources|date=November 2022}}</ref> depending on the orthography; pronunciation: {{IPA|lmo|lũˈbaːrt, lomˈbart|}}) belongs to the [[Gallo-Italic]] group within the [[Romance languages]]. It is characterized by a [[Celtic language|Celtic]] [[linguistic substratum]] and a [[Lombardic language|Lombardic]] [[Superstratum|linguistic superstratum]]<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=LMO |language=en |quote=Identifier: LMO - Language(s) Name: Lombard - Status: Active - Code set: 639-3 - Scope: Individual - Type: Living}}</ref> and is a [[dialect continuum|cluster of homogeneous dialects]] that are spoken by millions of speakers in [[Northern Italy]] and southern [[Switzerland]].  These include most of [[Lombardy]] and some areas of the neighbouring regions, notably the far eastern side of [[Piedmont]] and the extreme western side of [[Trentino]], and in Switzerland in the cantons of [[Ticino]] and [[Graubünden]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Mary C. |title=Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages |last2=Soria |first2=Claudia |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=9781316352410 |location=Cambridge, UK |page=130 |chapter=Assessing the effect of official recognition on the vitality of endangered languages: a case of study from Italy |quote=Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont and in Switzerland. [[Mutual intelligibility]] between Lombard and Italian has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now used mostly in informal domains. According to [[Ethnologue]], Piedmontese and Lombard are respectively spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers. Those are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially or been systematically taught in schools. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170421123006/https://books.google.it/books?id=v-ZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 |archive-date=2017-04-21 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The language is also spoken in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] in [[Brazil]] by Lombard immigrants from the [[Province of Bergamo]], in [[Italy]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Bonfadini |first=Giovanni |title=lombard, dialects |trans-title=lombard dialects |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/dialetti-lombardi_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29/ |work=[[Enciclopedia Treccani]] |language=it}}</ref>