Editing Luna 1 (section)

{{short description|Soviet spacecraft}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Luna 1''}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = ''Luna 1''
| image                 = RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg
| image_caption         = A museum replica

| mission_type          = Lunar impactor{{sfn|Siddiqi|2018|p=11}}
| operator              = Soviet space program
| Harvard_designation   = 1959 Mu 1
| COSPAR_ID             = 1959-012A<ref name=nssdc/>
| SATCAT                = 00112<ref name=nssdc/>
| mission_duration      = Approximately 62 hours{{sfn|Siddiqi|2018|p=11}}

| spacecraft_type       = Ye-1
| manufacturer          = [[OKB-1]]
| dry_mass              = 
| launch_mass           = {{convert|361.3|kg}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|2018|p=11}}
| dimensions            = 
| power                 =

| launch_date           = {{start-date|2 January 1959, 16:41:21|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;[[UTC]]{{sfn|Siddiqi|2018|p=11}}
| launch_rocket         = [[Luna (rocket)|Luna]] 8K72 
| launch_site           = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1|Site 1/5]]
| launch_contractor     = 
| last_contact          = 5 January 1959

| orbit_epoch           = 1 January 1959, 19:00:00&nbsp;GMT<ref name="NSSDCTrajectory">{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1959-012A|title=Luna 1 Launch and Trajectory Information|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=2018-05-02}}</ref>
| orbit_reference       = [[Heliocentric orbit|Heliocentric]]
| orbit_periapsis       = 0.9766&nbsp;AU
| orbit_apoapsis        = 1.315&nbsp;AU
| orbit_inclination     = 0.01°
| orbit_semimajor       = 1.146&nbsp;AU
| orbit_eccentricity    = 0.14767
| orbit_period          = 450&nbsp;days
| apsis                 = helion

| programme             = '''[[Luna programme]]'''
| previous_mission      = ''[[Luna E-1 No.3|Luna 1958C]]''
| next_mission          = ''[[Luna E-1A No.1|Luna 1959A]]''
|interplanetary         = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = impactor_flyby
   |object              = [[Moon|Lunar]]
   |arrival_date        = 4 January 1959
   |distance            = {{convert|5995|km}}
 }}
}}

'''''Luna 1''''', also known as '''''Mechta''''' ({{langx|ru|Мечта}} {{IPA|ru|mʲɪt͡ɕˈta|}}, ''[[Literal translation|lit.]]'': ''Dream''), '''''E-1 No.4''''' and ''First Lunar Rover'',{{sfn|Harvey|2007a|p=26}}  was the first [[spacecraft]] to reach the vicinity of Earth's [[Moon]], the first spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit, and the first to be placed in [[heliocentric orbit]]. Intended as a Moon impactor, ''Luna 1'' was launched as part of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Luna programme]] in 1959.

A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the upper stage rocket's burn time, and the spacecraft missed the Moon by 5,900&nbsp;km (more than three times the Moon's radius). ''Luna 1'' became the first human-made object to reach [[heliocentric orbit]] and was dubbed "Artificial Planet 1"<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov">{{cite web |title=Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-012A |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and renamed ''Mechta'' (''Dream'').{{sfn|Cormack|2012|p=342}} ''Luna 1'' was also referred to as the "First Cosmic Ship",<ref name="nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov"/> in reference to its achievement of Earth [[escape velocity]].