Editing M1 Abrams (section)

{{Short description|American main battle tank that has served for many years.}}
{{Redirect|M1 tank|the early 20th century light tank|M1 Combat Car}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
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{{Infobox weapon
| name               = M1 Abrams
| image              = M1A2 SEP v3.jpg
| image_size         = 350
| alt                = 
| caption            = M1A2 SEPv3
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Main battle tank]]
| is_artillery       = yes
| is_vehicle         = yes
| service            = 1980–present
| used_by            = See [[#Operators|Operators]] below
| wars               = {{Tree list}}
*[[Cold War]]
**[[Gulf War]]
**[[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM II]]
*[[Yugoslav Wars]]
**[[Implementation Force|Operation Joint Endeavour]]
**[[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Operation Joint Guard]]
**[[Kosovo War]]
***[[Task Force Hawk]]
***[[Kosovo Force|Operation Joint Guardian]]
*[[War on Terror|Global War on Terrorism]]
**[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]
**[[Iraq War]]
**[[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|War in Iraq]]
*[[Arab Spring]]
**[[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egyptian Revolution of 2011]]
*[[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]]
**[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| designer           = [[Chrysler Defense]] (now [[General Dynamics Land Systems]])
| design_date        = 1972–1976
| manufacturer       = [[Lima Army Tank Plant]] (since 1980)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rader |first=Craig |date=2017-05-30 |title=Factory tour shows how an Abrams comes to life |url= https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/Energy/Article/1196533/factory-tour-shows-how-an-abrams-comes-to-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230121203113/https://www.dla.mil/About-DLA/News/Energy/Article/1196533/factory-tour-shows-how-an-abrams-comes-to-life/ |archive-date=2023-01-21 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[Defense Logistics Agency]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />[[Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant]] (1978, 1982–1991)<br />Egyptian Defense Company Tank Plant{{cn|date=April 2025}}
| unit_cost          = '''M1A1:''' $4.3 million (domestic cost, FY1989) (~$10.66 million, FY2023)<ref name="pogo.org">{{Cite web |date=1990-01-01 |title=The Army's M1 Tank: Has It Lived Up To Expectations? |url= https://www.pogo.org/report/1990/01/armys-m1-tank-has-it-lived-up-to-expectations |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Project On Government Oversight |language=en-US}}</ref><br />'''M1A2 SEPv3:''' $24 million (export cost, FY2022)<ref>{{cite news |last=Mizokami |first=Kyle |date= July 15, 2021 |title=Poland Just Bought America's M1 Abrams Tank. That's Ironic |work= Popular mechanics |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a37026843/poland-buys-us-m1a2-abrams-main-battle-tank/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210722062044/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a37026843/poland-buys-us-m1a2-abrams-main-battle-tank/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| production_date    = 1979–present
| number             = approx. 10,300 as of 2017<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Deagel |url= http://www.deagel.com/Armored-Vehicles/M1A2-Abrams_a000516003.aspx |title= M1A2 Abrams |access-date=12 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095546/http://www.deagel.com/Armored-Vehicles/M1A2-Abrams_a000516003.aspx |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>
| variants           = See [[M1 Assault Breacher Vehicle|variants]]
| mass               = M1: {{convert|60|ST|t|lk=on}}{{sfn|Hunnicutt|2015|p= 306}}<br />M1A1: {{convert|63|ST|t|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Hunnicutt|2015|p= 306}}<br />M1A1 SA: {{convert|67.6|ST|t|abbr=on}}<br />M1A2 SEPv2: {{convert|71.2|ST|t|abbr=on}}<br />M1A2 SEPv3: {{convert|73.6|ST|t|abbr=on}}<ref name="ASAALT2018">{{cite web |title=ASAALT Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 |url=https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf |publisher=Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) |access-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121934/https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| length             = Gun forward: {{convert|32.04|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="factfile">{{cite web |url= http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html |title=Abrams Tank Fact File for the United States Army |publisher=United States Army |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131115181622/http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/tracked/abrams.html |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref><br />Hull length: {{convert|26.02|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}
| width              = {{convert|12|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="factfile" />
| height             = {{convert|8|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref name="factfile" />
| crew               = 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
| elevation          = +20° / −10°{{sfn|Hunnicutt|2015|p=306}}
| traverse           = 9 seconds/360 degrees{{sfn|Hunnicutt|2015|p=306}}
| armour             = [[Composite armor]]
| primary_armament   = M1: 105&nbsp;mm L/52 [[M68 (tank gun)|M68A1]] [[Rifling|rifled]] gun (55 rounds)<br />M1A1+M1A2: 120&nbsp;mm L/44 [[M256 (tank gun)|M256]] [[smoothbore]] gun (40 rounds)
| secondary_armament = 1 × 0.50 caliber (12.7&nbsp;mm) [[M2 Browning|M2HB]] [[heavy machine gun]] with 900 rounds<br />2 × [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62&nbsp;mm (.308 in)]] [[M240 machine gun|M240]] [[machine gun]]s with 10,400 rounds (1 [[Pintle mount|pintle-mounted]], 1 [[Coaxial mount|coaxial]])
| engine             = [[Honeywell AGT1500]] multi-fuel [[Gas turbine|turbine engine]]
| engine_power       = 1,500&nbsp;[[shaft horsepower|shp]] (1,120&nbsp;kW)
| pw_ratio           = From 26.9&nbsp;hp/t (20.05&nbsp;kW/t) to 23.8&nbsp;hp/t (17.74&nbsp;kW/t)
| transmission       = Allison DDA X-1100-3B
| suspension         = [[Torsion bar suspension|High-hardness-steel torsion bars]] with rotary shock absorbers
| clearance          = M1, M1A1: {{convert|0.48|m|ft in|abbr=on}}<br />M1A2: {{convert|0.43|m|abbr=on}}
| fuel_capacity      = {{convert|504.4|USgal|L}}
| vehicle_range      = M1A2, road: {{convert|426|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}<br />Cross country: {{convert|150-200|km|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=JaneAA-162>{{cite book |last=Foss |first=Chris |title=Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005–2006 |year=2005 |url= https://archive.org/details/mainbattletanksl00cffo |url-access=limited |isbn=0-7106-2686-X |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |page= [https://archive.org/details/mainbattletanksl00cffo/page/n160 162]}}</ref>
| speed              = M1A1, road: {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} (governed);<br />M1A2, road: {{convert|67|km/h|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} (governed);<br />Off-road: {{convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}<ref name=JaneAA-162 />
}}

The '''M1 Abrams''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ei|b|r|@|m|z}})<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Abrams |title=Abrams tank |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref> is a [[List of main battle tanks by generation|third-generation]] American [[main battle tank]] designed by [[Chrysler Defense]] (now [[General Dynamics Land Systems]]) and named for General [[Creighton Abrams]]. Conceived for modern [[Armoured warfare|armored ground warfare]], it is one of the heaviest tanks in service at nearly {{convert|73.6|ST|t|lk=on|sp=us|abbr= off}}. It introduced several modern technologies to the United States armored forces, including a [[multifuel]] [[gas turbine|turbine engine]], sophisticated [[Chobham armour|Chobham]] [[composite armor]], a computer fire control system, separate ammunition storage in a [[Blowout panel|blowout compartment]], and [[CBRN defense|NBC protection]] for crew safety. Initial models of the M1 were armed with a [[105 mm calibre|105&nbsp;mm]] [[M68 (tank gun)|M68]] gun, while later variants feature a license-produced [[Rheinmetall Rh-120|Rheinmetall 120&nbsp;mm L/44]] designated [[M256 (tank gun)|M256]].

The M1 Abrams was developed from the failed joint American-[[West Germany|West German]] [[MBT-70]] project that intended to replace the dated [[M60 tank]]. There are three main operational Abrams versions: the M1, '''M1A1''', and '''M1A2''', with each new iteration seeing improvements in armament, protection, and electronics.<ref>{{citation |first=Dave |last=Majumdar |title=Inside the US Army's Lethal New M1A2 SEP v.3 Abrams Main Battle Tank |url= http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/inside-the-us-armys-lethal-new-m1a2-sep-v3-abrams-main-16445 |work=[[The National Interest]] |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190927/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/inside-the-us-armys-lethal-new-m1a2-sep-v3-abrams-main-16445 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Abrams was to be replaced in U.S. Army service by the [[Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles#Mounted Combat System|XM1202 Mounted Combat System]], but following the project's cancellation, the Army opted to continue maintaining and operating the M1 series for the foreseeable future by upgrading optics, armor, and firepower.

The M1 Abrams entered service in 1980 and serves as the main battle tank of the [[United States Army]], and formerly of the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] (USMC) until the decommissioning of all USMC tank battalions in 2021. The export modification is used by the armed forces of [[Egyptian Army|Egypt]], [[Kuwait Army|Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi Arabia]], [[Australian Army|Australia]], [[Polish Land Forces|Poland]] and [[Iraqi Army|Iraq]]. The Abrams was first used in combat by the U.S. in the [[Gulf War]]. It was later deployed by the U.S. in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–14)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]], as well as by Iraq in the [[War in Iraq (2013–2017)|war against the Islamic State]], Saudi Arabia in the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|Yemeni Civil War]], and [[Ukraine]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].