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Macroecology
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{{Short description|Study of relationships between organisms and their environment at large spatial scales}} '''Macroecology''' is a subfield in [[ecology]] that uses a methodological approach that investigates the empirical patterns and mechanistic processes by which the particulate components of complex ecological systems generate emergent structures and dynamics <ref name = "Brown_1999">Brown, J.H. 1999. ''Macroecology: progress and prospect''. Oikos (1999): 3-14.</ref> Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on local and small-scale interactions, macroecology seeks to identify general emergent patterns within and across spatial and temporal scales. One of the main tenets of macroecology is that, despite the apparent complexity and randomness of ecological systems, they exhibit a significant degree of order. This order is particularly evident in statistical patterns related to organism interactions, their relationships with the environment, and the emergent structures and dynamics of ecological systems. As put by Brown (1999),<ref name = "Brown_1999">Brown, J.H. 1999. ''Macroecology: progress and prospect''. Oikos (1999): 3-14.</ref> "Despite their complexity, ecological systems are not haphazard collections of organisms interacting randomly. Instead, they exhibit a great deal of order: in the kinds of organisms that make up the system, like their interactions with each other and their nonliving environment, and especially in the emergent structure and dynamics of the system. This order is perhaps best revealed in certain statistical patterns." Lawton<ref name = "Lawton_1999">Lawton, J. H. (1999). ''Are there general laws in ecology?'' Oikos, 84, 177192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546712 </ref> aptly captures the essence of macroecology: "Macroecology ... seeks to get above the mind‐boggling details of local community assembly to find a bigger picture, whereby a kind of statistical order emerges from the scrum.” Thus, macroecology often aims to elucidate statistical patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity across different biological scales.<ref name = "Brown">{{cite book |last=Brown |first= J.H.| title= Macroecology| year= 1995| publisher= University of Chicago Press| isbn= 978-0-226-07614-0}}</ref> The term "macroecology" was first introduced by Venezuelan researchers Guillermo Sarmiento and Maximina Monasterio in 1971<ref>Levin, S. A., Carpenter, S. R., Godfray, H. C. J., Kinzig, A. P., Loreau, M., Losos, J. B., ... & Wilcove, D. S. (Eds.). (2012). The Princeton guide to ecology. Princeton University Press.</ref> and was later adopted by [[James Brown (ecologist)|James Brown]] and Brian Maurer in their 1989 paper in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref name = "Science">{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=James H.|last2=Maurer|first2=Brian A.|date=1989-03-03|title=Macroecology: The Division of Food and Space Among Species on Continents|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.243.4895.1145|journal=Science|language=en|volume=243|issue=4895|pages=1145–1150|doi=10.1126/science.243.4895.1145|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17799895|bibcode=1989Sci...243.1145B|s2cid=14508955 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Macroecology is not just a large-scale study; a macroecological approach can also be taken at small scales to study emergent behavior.<ref name = "Brown_1999">Brown, J.H. 1999. ''Macroecology: progress and prospect''. Oikos (1999): 3-14.</ref> In essence, macroecology adopts a "top-down" approach, focusing on understanding the properties of entire systems ([[populations]], [[communities]], [[assemblages]] etc.) rather than individual components. It is akin to seeing the entire forest instead of individual trees, as Kevin Gaston and Tim Blackburn suggested.<ref name = "Gaston&Blackbun">Gaston, K.J. and T.M. Blackburn. 2000. ''Pattern and Process in Macroecology''. Blackwell Science. {{ISBN|0-632-05653-3}}</ref> Some critical areas of interest within macroecology include the study of [[species richness]], [[latitudinal gradients in species diversity]], the [[species-area curve]], range size, body size, and [[abundance (ecology)|species abundance]]. Specifically, the relationship between abundance and range size—exploring why some species are widespread and abundant while others are restricted and less common—has been a focal area of macroecological research.<ref name="Brown" /><ref name="Science" />
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