Editing Mahmud II (section)

{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839}}
{{distinguish|Mehmed II}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Mahmud II
| title        = [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]<br />Sultan of the two lands, [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the two seas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces131027.html|title=Beshlik - Mahmud II Second Issue}}</ref>
| titletext    = 
| more         = 
| type         = 
| image        = Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
| alt          = 
| moretext     = 
| caption      = Portrait of Mahmud II
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| predecessor  = [[Mustafa IV]]
| successor    = [[Abdulmejid I]]
| succession2  = [[Ottoman Caliph]] (''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'')
| predecessor2 = Mustafa IV
| successor2   = Abdulmejid I
| reign        = 28 July 1808 &ndash; 1 July 1839
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| regent       = 
| reg-type     = 
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
*[[Nevfidan Kadın]]
*[[Hoşyar Kadın]]
*[[Aşubcan Kadın]]
*[[Bezmiâlem Sultan|Bezmiâlem Kadın]]
*[[Pertevniyal Sultan|Pertevniyal Kadın]]
*[[#Consorts|Others]]}}
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Saliha Sultan (daughter of Mahmud II)|Saliha Sultan]]
*[[Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Mahmud II)|Mihrimah Sultan]]
*[[Abdulmejid I]]
*[[Atiye Sultan]]
*[[Adile Sultan]]
*[[Abdulaziz]]}}
| issue-link   = #Family
| issue-pipe   = Among others
| full name    = Mahmud Han bin Abdülhamid
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Abdul Hamid I]]
| mother       = [[Nakşidil Sultan]]
| birth_date   = 20 July 1785
| birth_place  = [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1839|7|1|1785|7|20|df=yes}}
| death_place  = Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, [[Fatih, Istanbul]], Turkey
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature    = Tughra Mahmud II bw.svg
}}
{{Contains special characters|Ottoman Turkish}}
[[File:MahmutII.jpg|alt=Sultan|thumb|''Sultan Mahmud II'']]

'''Mahmud II''' ({{langx|ota|محمود ثانى|Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî}}, {{langx|tr|II. Mahmud}}; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as the "[[Peter the Great]] of Turkey",<ref name="Rogan2002">{{cite book|author=Eugene Rogan|title=Outside In: Marginality in the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-mX31dOIs8C&pg=PA7|date=4 October 2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-698-0|page=15}}</ref> Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His [[Auspicious Incident|disbandment]] of the conservative [[Janissaries|Janissary corps]] removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire, creating the foundations of the subsequent [[Tanzimat|Tanzimat era]]. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeat and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention.

Mahmud ascended the throne following an [[Ottoman coups of 1807–1808|1808 coup]] which deposed his half-brother [[Mustafa IV]]. Early in his reign, the Ottoman Empire ceded [[Bessarabia]] to Russia at the end of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)|1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War]]. Greece waged a [[Greek War of Independence|successful war of independence]] that started in 1821 with British, French and Russian support, and Mahmud was forced to recognize the independent Greek state in 1832. The Ottomans lost more territory to Russia after the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829]], and [[Regency of Algiers|Ottoman Algeria]] was [[French conquest of Algeria|conquered by France]] beginning in 1830.

The Empire's continued decline convinced Mahmud to resume the reforms that were halted before he came to power. In 1826, he orchestrated the [[Auspicious Incident]], in which the [[Kapıkulu]] were forcibly abolished and many of its members executed, paving the way for the establishment of a [[Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye|modern Ottoman army]] and further military reforms. With this modern army, Sultan Mahmud initiated a campaign of recentralization in the empire which saw the submission of [[derebey]]s and [[Ayan (class)|ayans]] to central authority. He also made sweeping changes to the bureaucracy in order to reestablish royal authority and increase administrative efficiency, and oversaw a reorganisation of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman foreign office]]. In 1838, Mahmud established the [[Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances]], and the next year, he introduced a [[Council of Ministers (Ottoman Empire)|Council of Ministers]]. He died of [[tuberculosis]] later that year and was succeeded by his son [[Abdulmejid I]], who would continue to implement his modernization efforts.