Editing Malay language (section)

{{Short description|Austronesian language of Southeast Asia}}
{{About|the language on which standard Indonesian and standard Malay are based|the standard Malay used in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore also called "Malay"|Malaysian Malay|the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay|Malayic languages}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Malayalam]], a Dravidian language}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Malay
| ethnicity        = {{ubl
  | [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]
  | Various ethnic groups in [[Demographics_of_Brunei#Ethnic_groups|Brunei]], [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Indonesia]] (as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Demographics_of_Malaysia#Ethnolinguistic_groups|Malaysia]] and [[Demographics_of_Singapore#Ethnic_groups|Singapore]]
  | (see also [[Malay world|Malayophones]])
  }}
| nativename       = {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}<br/><!--
                  -->{{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}
| states           = [[Brunei]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], [[East Timor]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Thailand]]
| speakers         = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|82.285706|2}} million
| date             = 2004–2010
| ref              = e27
| speakers2        = Total (L1 and [[Second language|L2]]): 200–290 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|access-date=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref> (the number includes "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]" speakers)
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| fam4             = 
| fam5             = 
| fam6             = 
| ancestor         = [[Old Malay]]
| ancestor2        = [[Classical Malay]]
| ancestor3        = [[Pre-Modern Malay]]
| stand1           = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| stand2           = [[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]
| script           = {{ubl|[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay orthography|Malay alphabet]])|[[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi script]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>|Arabic ([[Pegon script]]) (In [[Indonesia]])<ref name="Kitabi">Dahlan, H. Abdullah  Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read &amp; Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca &amp; Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. [https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf].</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Estuningtiyas |first=Retna Dwi |date=2021-05-02 |title=Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi'ie (1910-1985) |url=https://ejournalpegon.jaringansantri.com/index.php/INC/article/view/45 |journal=The International Journal of Pegon: Islam Nusantara Civilization |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=81–96 |doi=10.51925/inc.v5i01.45 |issn=2621-4946}}</ref>|[[Thai script|Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)|[[International uniformity of braille alphabets#Grade 1 braille|Malay Braille]]<br/>
Historically [[Pallava script]], [[Kawi script]], [[Ulu scripts]], [[Rejang script]]}}
| nation           = {{ubl
  | {{flag|Brunei}}
  | {{flag|Indonesia}} (as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])
  | {{flag|Malaysia}}
  | {{flag|Singapore}}
  | {{flag|UNESCO}} (as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite news|url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387388.locale=en|title=Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO
|access-date=2023-11-20|website=unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28|language=en}}</ref>
  }}
| minority         = {{ubl
  | [[East Timor]] (beside [[Dili Malay]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] used as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=East Timor Government|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
  | [[Indonesia]] (beside the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malay Indonesians#Language|Local Malay]] enjoys the status of a regional language in [[Sumatra]] and [[Kalimantan]])
  | [[Sri Lanka]] (as [[Sri Lankan Malay]])
  | [[Thailand]] (as [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Pattani Malay]], [[Kedah Malay|Syburi Malay]], and [[Bangkok Malay]])
}}
| agency           = {{ubl
  | [[Agency for Language Development and Cultivation]] in Indonesia
  | [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|Institute of Language and Literature]] in Malaysia
  | [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei|Language and Literature Bureau]] in Brunei
  | Malay Language Council in Singapore
  | [[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia|MABBIM]] (a trilateral joint venture)
  }}
| iso1             = ms
| iso2b            = may
| iso2t            = msa
| iso3             = msa<!-- The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]] and [[Urak Lawoi' language]] -->
| lc1              = zlm
| ld1              = [[Malaysian Malay|Malay (individual language)]]
| lc2              = ind
| ld2              = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
| lc3              = zsm
| ld3              = [[Malaysian Malay|Standard Malay]]
| lc4              = abs
| ld4              = [[Ambon Malay]]
| lc5              = mbf
| ld5              = [[Baba Malay]]
| lc6              = pea
| ld6              = [[Malay trade and creole languages#Baba Indonesian|Baba Indonesian]]
| lc7              = mhp
| ld7              = [[Balinese Malay]]
| lc8              = bjn
| ld8              = [[Banjarese language|Banjarese]]
| lc9              = mfb
| ld9              = [[Bangka Malay|Bangka]]
| lc10             = btj
| ld10             = [[Bacan Malay|Bacan]]
| lc11             = bew
| ld11             = [[Betawi language|Betawi]]
| lc12             = bve
| ld12             = [[Berau Malay|Berau]]
| lc13             = kxd
| ld13             = [[Brunei Malay]]
| lc14             = ccm
| ld14             = [[Malay Chetty creole language|Chetty Malay]]
| lc15             = coa
| ld15             = [[Cocos Malay]]
| lc16             = liw
| ld16             = [[Col language|Col]]
| lc17             = goq
| ld17             = [[Gorap]]
| lc18             = hji
| ld18             = [[Haji language|Haji]]
| lc19             = jax
| ld19             = [[Jambi Malay]]
| lc20             = vkk
| ld20             = [[Kaur language|Kaur]]
| lc21             = meo
| ld21             = [[Kedah Malay]]
| lc22             = mfa
| ld22             = [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
| lc23             = kvr
| ld23             = [[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
| lc24             = mqg
| ld24             = [[Kutainese language|Kota Bangun Kutai]]
| lc25             = mkn
| ld25             = [[Kupang Malay]]
| lc26             = mfp
| ld26             = [[Makassar Malay]]
| lc27             = xmm
| ld27             = [[Manado Malay]]
| lc28             = min
| ld28             = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| lc29             = mui
| ld29             = [[Musi language|Musi]]
| lc30             = zmi
| ld30             = [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]]
| lc31             = max
| ld31             = [[North Moluccan Malay]]
| lc32             = pmy
| ld32             = [[Papuan Malay]]
| lc33             = pel
| ld33             = [[Pekal language|Pekal]]
| lc34             = msi
| ld34             = [[Sabah Malay]]
| lc35             = sci
| ld35             = [[Sri Lanka Malay language]]
| lc36             = pse
| ld36             = [[South Barisan Malay]]
| lc37             = vkt
| ld37             = [[Tenggarong Kutai Malay]]
| lingua           = 31-MFA-a
| sign             = [[Manually Coded Malay]]
| glotto           = nucl1806
| glottoname       = 
| glottorefname    = Nuclear Malayic
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|ms|baˈha.sa məˈla.ju|}}
| map              = Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png
| mapcaption       = Areas where Malay is spoken:{{legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}}
{{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}}
{{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Standard Malay is an official language}}
{{legend|#88caff|East Timor, where [[Dili Malay]] is a Malay creole language and Indonesian is used as a working language}}
{{legend|#f7f36b|Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken}}
| map2             = Malay varieties in Southeast Asia.png
| mapcaption2      = Varieties of Malay in Southeast Asia:
{{legend|#1e90ff|Malay language as the majority}}
{{legend|#87cefa|Malay language as the minority}}
{{legend striped|#b200ed|#e4a0f7|[[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creole languages]]}}
}}

'''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}} {{respell|mə|LAY}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|eɪ}} {{respell|MAY|lay}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] spoken primarily by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] in several islands of Maritime Southeast Asia and the [[Malay Peninsula ]] on the mainland Asia.<ref name=Lowenberg>{{cite book |page=146–79 |chapter=Malay in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore: Three Faces of a National Language  |first=Peter |last=Lowenberg|title=With Forked Tongues: What are National Languages Good For? |date=1988 |publisher=Karoma |isbn=978-0-89720-084-4 |location= Ann Arbor, MI |editor-first=Florian |editor-last=Coulmas |editor-link=Florian Coulmas }}</ref>  The language is an [[official language]] of [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]]. [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], a standardized variety of Malay, is the official language of [[Indonesia]] and one of the working languages of [[East Timor]]. Malay is also spoken as a regional language of [[Malays (ethnic group)|ethnic Malays]] in Indonesia and the [[Thai Malays|southern part]] of [[Thailand]]. Altogether, it is spoken by 60 million people across [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>10 million in Malaysia as either "Malay" or "[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]",<!-- cf. "Bahasa/istilah Malaysia" versus "Bahasa/istilah Indonesia", see "Telus, konflik dan legap istilah MABBIM: satu kajian morfosemantik" (Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin & Junaini Kasdan, 2007) - the Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu website (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=contoh&d=103448 - 404 at times) by Msian Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is another example in action--> 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]", etc.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wardhana|first=Dian Eka Chandra|date=2021|title= Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021|url= http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114|journal= Journal of Social Work and Science Education|volume= 1|issue= 3|pages= 266–280|doi=10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114|doi-broken-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=29 January 2021|doi-access= free}}</ref>

The language is [[pluricentric]] and a [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]], i.e., a group of [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] speech varieties, or [[dialect continuum]], that have no traditional name in common, and which may be considered distinct languages by their speakers. Several varieties of it are standardized as the national language ({{lang|ms|bahasa kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|bahasa nasional}}) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") or in some instances, {{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}}<!-- vide Asmah (1992), pp. 403-4 --> ("Malaysian language");<ref name=":1" /> in Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") where it in the latter country refers to a formal standard variety set apart from its own [[Brunei Malay|vernacular dialect]];{{efn|also described as "Standard Brunei Malay"}}<ref>See:
*{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |date=2001 |title=Brunei Malay: An Overview |journal=Occasional Papers in Language Studies |publisher=Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam |volume=7 |pages=11–2}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |date=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44527038 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X |jstor=44527038 |issn=0025-1003}}</ref> in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|id|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|id|bahasa persatuan/pemersatu}} ("unifying language" or [[lingua franca]]) whereas the term "Malay" ({{lang|id|bahasa Melayu}}) refers to vernacular varieties of Malay [[Malay Indonesians|indigenous]] to areas of Central to Southern [[Sumatra]] and [[West Kalimantan]] as the ethnic languages of [[Malay Indonesians|Malay]] in Indonesia.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |author=Asmah Haji Omar |title=Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |publisher=Mouton de Gruyte |year=1992 |isbn=3-11-012855-1 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael J. |editor-link=Michael Clyne |location=Berlin & New York |pages=403–4 |chapter=Malay as a pluricentric language |author-link=Asmah Haji Omar}}</ref>{{efn|Since the standardized varieties of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore are structurally largely identical and mostly differ in lexicon and to a lesser degree in phonetic details, the umbrella terms "Malay/Indonesian"<ref name=Blust>{{cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |title=The Austronesian Languages |edition=revised|publisher=Australian National University|year=2013|isbn=978-1-922185-07-5|hdl=1885/10191}}</ref> or "Malay-Indonesian"<ref>{{cite book |last=Tadmor |first=Uri |year=2009 |chapter=Malay-Indonesian |editor=Bernard Comrie |title=The World's Major Languages |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=791–818}}</ref> are often used in the linguistic literature when discussing the structure or history of the language.}}

[[Classical Malay]], also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayic languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of the [[Malay Peninsula]], are so closely related to [[standard Malay]] that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] (e.g. [[Ambonese Malay]]) based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Makassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].