Editing Mapuche language (section)

{{short description|Araucanian language}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Mapuche
| altname          = Mapudungun, Chilidúgu,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Bernardo de Havestadt |title=Cancionero Chilidungu |url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-96287.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |language=es |date=1777}}</ref> Chedungun
| nativename       = {{lang|arn|Mapudungun}}
| states           = [[Chile]], [[Argentina]]
| nation           = [[Galvarino, Chile|Galvarino]] ([[Chile]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/08/07/galvarino-es-la-primera-comuna-de-chile-en-establecer-el-mapudungun-como-su-idioma-oficial.shtml|access-date=21 September 2015|date=7 August 2013|language=es|title=Galvarino es la primera comuna de Chile en establecer el mapudungún como su idioma oficial|website=[[Radio Bío-Bío]]|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922034628/http://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/08/07/galvarino-es-la-primera-comuna-de-chile-en-establecer-el-mapudungun-como-su-idioma-oficial.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Padre Las Casas, Chile|Padre Las Casas]] ([[Chile]])<br />[[Temuco]] ([[Chile]])
| ethnicity        = 1,718,000 [[Mapuche people|Mapuche]]<ref name=e24/>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|258,410|2}}
| date             = 2007
| ref              = e24
| familycolor      = American
| fam1             = [[Araucanian languages|Araucanian]]
| iso2             = arn
| iso3             = arn
| glotto           = mapu1245
| glottorefname    = Mapudungun
| map              = Idioma mapuche.jpg
| mapcaption       = {{legend|dodgerblue|Majority}}
{{legend|lightblue|Minority}}
| notice           = IPA
| imagecaption     = A Mapudungun speaker.
| image            = WIKITONGUES- Victor speaking Mapudungun.webm
}}
{{infobox ethnonym|root=mapu<br/><small>"land"</small>|person=|people=[[Mapuche]]|language=[[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]|country=[[Wallmapu]]}}'''Mapuche''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|p|uː|tʃ|i}} {{respell|mə|POO|che}},<ref>{{OED|Mapuche}}</ref> {{IPA|es|maˈputʃe|label=Mapuche and Spanish:}}; from {{lang|arn|mapu}} 'land' and {{lang|arn|che}} 'people', meaning 'the people of the land') or '''Mapudungun'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hernández S. |first1=Arturo |title=Mapuche: Lengua y Cultura |last2=Ramos P. |first2=Nelly |publisher=Pehuén |year=1997 |isbn=978-956-16-0769-9 |pages=13 |translator-last=Vergara C. |translator-first=Luis |translator-last2=Merino |translator-first2=María Eugenia |translator-last3=Garbarini |translator-first3=Carmen |translator-last4=Barne |translator-first4=William}}</ref><ref name=HegBer2013>{{Cite book
| last1  = Heggarty
| first1 = P.
| last2  = Beresford-Jones
| first2 = D.
|editor-first1=I. 
|editor-last1=Ness
|editor-first2=Bellwood 
|editor-last2=P.
|chapter= Andes: linguistic history.
| title   = The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
| pages   = 401–409
| year    = 2013
|publisher= Wiley-Blackwell
| location= Oxford
}}</ref> (from {{lang|arn|mapu}} 'land' and {{lang|arn|dungun}} 'speak, speech', meaning 'the speech of the land'; also spelled '''Mapuzugun''' and '''Mapudungu''') is an [[Araucanian languages|Araucanian language]] related to [[Huilliche language|Huilliche]] spoken in south-central [[Chile]] and west-central [[Argentina]] by the [[Mapuche]] people. It was formerly known as '''Araucanian''',<ref name=HegBer2013/> the name given to the Mapuche by the Spanish; the Mapuche avoid it as a remnant of [[Colonial Chile|Spanish colonialism]].

Mapudungun is not an official language of Chile and Argentina, having received virtually no government support throughout its history.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013}} However, since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted the status of an official language by the local government of [[Galvarino, Chile|Galvarino]], one of the many [[communes of Chile]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-30 |title=Chile agrees to official status for Mapudungun language at the local level |work=Nationalia |url=https://www.nationalia.info/new/10305/chile-agrees-to-official-status-for-mapudungun-language-at-the-local-level |access-date=2023-07-26 |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022084841/https://www.nationalia.info/new/10305/chile-agrees-to-official-status-for-mapudungun-language-at-the-local-level |url-status=live }}</ref> It is not used as a language of instruction in either country's educational system despite the Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political debate over which alphabet to use as the standard alphabet of written Mapudungun.

In 1982, it was estimated that there were 202,000 Mapuche speakers in Chile, including those that speak the [[Pehuenche]] and [[Huilliche]] dialects, and another 100,000 speakers in Argentina as of the year 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapudungun - Memoria Chilena |url=http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3594.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Memoria Chilena: Portal |language=es |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130063405/http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3594.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a 2002 study suggests that only 16% of those who identify as Mapuche speak the language (active speakers) and 18% can only understand it ([[Passive speaker (language)|passive speakers]]). These figures suggest that the total number of active speakers is about 120,000 and that there are slightly more passive speakers of Mapuche in Chile.<ref name="Zúñiga">{{cite book |title=Mapudungun. El habla mapuche|last=Zúñiga|first=Fernando|author-link=Fernando Zúñiga|publisher=Centro de Estudios Públicos|location=Santiago|pages=43–47|year=2006|isbn=956-7015-40-6}}</ref> As of 2013 only 2.4% of urban speakers and 16% of rural speakers use Mapudungun when speaking with children, and only 3.8% of speakers aged 10–19 years in the south of Chile (the language's stronghold) are "highly competent" in the language.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=88}}

Speakers of [[Chilean Spanish]] who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more [[One (pronoun)|impersonal pronouns]] when speaking Spanish.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile|date=2009|volume=13|journal=Cuadernos de lingüística hispánica|last=Hurtado Cubillos|first=Luz Marcela|pages=31–42|language=es}}</ref> In [[Cautín Province]] and [[Llifén]] contact with Mapuche language may be the reason why there is a lack of ''[[yeísmo]]'' among some Spanish speakers.<ref name=Estudios>{{Cite journal |title=Geografía de la "ll" en Chile |journal=[[Estudios Filológicos]] |last=Wagner |first=Claudio |url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0071-17132003003800012 |volume=38 |pages=188–200|year=2003 |last2=Rosas |first2=Claudia}}</ref> The language has also influenced the Spanish lexicon within the areas in which it is spoken and has also incorporated [[loanwords]] from both [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]].