Editing Maslow's hierarchy of needs (section)

{{Short description|Theory of developmental psychology}}
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[[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Diagram.png|alt=Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, based on his original 1943 Paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and later clarifications. It depicts the five levels as: Level 1: Physiological. Air, Water, Food, Shelter (e.g. Housing, protection from exposure), Clothing, Sleep, Reproduction; Level 2: Safety Needs. Personal Security, Financial Security, Health and Wellbeing, Safety Nets (laws, insurance, emergency services), Stable Environment; Level 3: Love and Belonging. Family, Friendship, Romantic Relationships, Community, Group Membership, Affection and Intimacy; Level 4: Esteem. Self Respect, Respect from Others, Confidence, Recognition of Achievement, Reputation; Level 5: Self Actualisation. Creativity, Personal Growth, Moral Development, Pursuit of Meaning, Purpose Driven Action, Peak Experiences (intense moments of joy, insight, or transcendence)|thumb|333x333px|An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Represented as a pyramid, with the most basic needs at the bottom, and the least basic at the top.]]
'''Maslow's hierarchy of needs''' is a conceptualisation of the needs (or goals) that motivate [[human behaviour]], which was proposed by the American psychologist [[Abraham Maslow]].{{sfn|Maslow|1943}}{{sfn|Maslow|1954}} According to Maslow's original formulation, there are five sets of [[basic needs]] that are related to each other in a hierarchy of prepotency (or strength). Typically, the hierarchy is depicted in the form of a pyramid although Maslow himself was not responsible for the iconic diagram.{{sfn|Kaufman|2019}} The pyramid begins at the bottom with physiological needs (the most prepotent of all) and culminates at the top with self-actualization needs. In his later writings, Maslow added a sixth level of 'meta-needs' and [[metamotivation]].{{sfn|Maslow|1971}}{{sfn|Goble|1971}}

The hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow is one of his most enduring contributions to [[psychology]].{{sfn|Koltko-Rivera|2006}} The hierarchy of needs remains a popular framework and tool in [[higher education]],{{sfn|Steere|1988}}{{sfn|Freitas|Leonard|2011}} business and management training,{{sfn|Kremer|Hammond|2013}} [[sociology]] research, [[Health care|healthcare]],{{sfn|Dames|2021}}{{sfn|Wills|McEwen|2014}} [[Counseling psychology|counselling]]{{sfn|Colledge|2002}} and [[social work]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Poston |first1=Bob |date=August 2009 |title=An Exercise in Personal Exploration: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |url=https://www.ast.org/pdf/308.pdf |journal=The Surgical Technologist |publisher=Association of Surgical Technologists |volume=308 |page=348}}</ref> Although widely used and researched, the hierarchy of needs has been criticized for its lack of conclusive supporting evidence and its validity remains contested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lester |first=David |date=August 2013 |title=Measuring Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.20.pr0.113x16z1 |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=15–17 |doi=10.2466/02.20.pr0.113x16z1 |pmid=24340796 |s2cid=35870176 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Fallatah |first1=Rodwan Hashim Mohammed |title=A Critical Review of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |date=November 30, 2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_2 |work=Employee Motivation in Saudi Arabia |pages=19–59 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-67740-8 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |last2=Syed |first2=Jawad|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67741-5_2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />