Editing Mathematical logic (section)

{{short description|Subfield of mathematics}}
{{for multi|Quine's theory sometimes called "Mathematical Logic"|New Foundations|other uses|Logic (disambiguation)}}
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'''Mathematical logic''' is the study of [[Logic#Formal logic|formal logic]] within [[mathematics]]. Major subareas include [[model theory]], [[proof theory]], [[set theory]], and [[recursion theory]] (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power. However, it can also include uses of logic to characterize correct mathematical reasoning or to establish [[foundations of mathematics]].

Since its inception, mathematical logic has both contributed to and been motivated by the study of foundations of mathematics. This study began in the late 19th century with the development of [[axiom]]atic frameworks for [[geometry]], [[arithmetic]], and [[Mathematical analysis|analysis]]. In the early 20th century it was shaped by [[David Hilbert]]'s [[Hilbert's program|program]] to prove the consistency of foundational theories. Results of [[Kurt Gödel]], [[Gerhard Gentzen]], and others provided partial resolution to the program, and clarified the issues involved in proving consistency. Work in set theory showed that almost all ordinary mathematics can be formalized in terms of sets, although there are some theorems that cannot be proven in common axiom systems for set theory. Contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics often focuses on establishing which parts of mathematics can be formalized in particular formal systems (as in [[reverse mathematics]]) rather than trying to find theories in which all of mathematics can be developed.