Editing Max Born (section)

{{Short description|German-British theoretical physicist (1882–1970)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Max Born
| honorific_suffix  = {{Post-nominals|FRS|size=100%}}
| image             = Max Born.jpg
| caption           = Born, 1930s
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1882|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place       = [[Breslau]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1970|01|05|1882|12|11|df=yes}}
| death_place       = [[Göttingen]], [[Lower Saxony]], [[West Germany]]
| resting_place     = [[Stadtfriedhof]], Göttingen
| citizenship       = {{Plain list|
* Germany (1882–1935)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1935–1939)
* United Kingdom (1939–1970)
}}
| alma_mater        = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Göttingen]] ([[PhD]])
* [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]
}}
| known_for         = {{Plain list|
* [[Born–Haber cycle]] (1919)
* Formulating [[matrix mechanics]] (1925)
* [[Born rule]] (1926)
}}
| title             = Tait Professor of [[Natural Philosophy]]
| term              = 1936–1952
| predecessor       = [[Charles Galton Darwin]]
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Hedwig Ehrenberg|1913}}
| children          = 3, including [[Gustav Victor Rudolf Born|Gustav]]
| father            = [[Gustav Jacob Born]]
| relatives         = {{Plain list|
* [[Olivia Newton-John]] (granddaughter)
* [[Georgina Born]] (granddaughter)
}}
| awards            = {{Plain list|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1939)
* [[Max Planck Medal]] (1948)
* [[Hughes Medal]] (1950)
* {{No wrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1954)}}
}}
| fields            = [[Quantum physics]]
| work_institutions = {{Plain list|
* [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt am Main]] (1919–1921)
* [[University of Göttingen]] (1921–1935)
* [[University of Cambridge]] (1933–1935)
* [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1935–1936)
* [[University of Edinburgh]]
}}
| thesis_title      = Untersuchungen über die Stabilität der elastischen Linie in Ebene und Raum unter verschiedenen Grenzbedingungen<ref name="mathgene"/>
| thesis_year       = 1906
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Carl Runge]]
| academic_advisors = {{Plain list|
* [[Joseph Larmor]]
* [[Karl Schwarzschild]]
* [[J. J. Thomson]]
* [[Woldemar Voigt]]
}}
| doctoral_students = {{Collapsible list|title={{Nobold|''See list''}}
 | [[Carl Hermann]] (1923)<ref name="mathgene"/>
 | [[Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim]] (1923)
 | [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (1927)
 | [[Max Delbrück]] (1930)
 | [[Maria Goeppert]] (1931)
 | [[Victor Frederick Weisskopf]] (1931)
 | [[Siegfried Flügge]] (1933)
 | [[Maurice Pryce]] (1937)<ref name="mathgene"/>
 | [[Peng Huanwu]] (1940)<ref name="mathgene"/>
 | [[Sheila Power]] (1941)<ref name="mathgene"/>
 | [[Herbert S. Green]] (1947)<ref name="mathgene"/>
<!-- Not in article
 | [[Mary Bradburn]] (1941)
 | [[Kaijia Cheng]] (1948)<ref name="mathgene"/>
 | [[Liming Yang]] (1948)<ref name="mathgene"/>
-->
 }}
| notable_students  = {{Plain list|
* [[Enrico Fermi]]
* [[Walter Heitler]]
* [[Pascual Jordan]]
<!-- Not in article
* [[Huang Kun]]
* [[Emil Wolf]]
-->
}}
| signature         = Max Born signature.svg
}}

'''Max Born''' ({{IPA|de|ˈmaks ˈbɔʁn|lang|De-Max Born.ogg}}; 11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British [[theoretical physicist]] who was instrumental in the development of [[quantum mechanics]]. He also made contributions to [[solid-state physics]] and [[optics]], and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born shared the 1954 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with [[Walther Bothe]] "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the [[wave function]]".<ref name="Nobel Prize"/>

Born entered the [[University of Göttingen]] in 1904, where he met the three renowned mathematicians [[Felix Klein]], [[David Hilbert]], and [[Hermann Minkowski]]. He wrote his [[PhD]] thesis on the subject of the stability of elastic wires and tapes, winning the university's Philosophy Faculty Prize. In 1905, he began researching [[special relativity]] with Minkowski, and subsequently wrote his [[habilitation]] thesis on the [[Thomson model]] of the atom. A chance meeting with [[Fritz Haber]] in Berlin in 1918 led to discussion of how an [[ionic compound]] is formed when a [[metal]] reacts with a [[halogen]], which is today known as the [[Born–Haber cycle]].

In [[World War I]] he was originally placed as a radio  operator, but his specialist knowledge led to his being moved to research duties on [[sound ranging]]. In 1921 Born returned to Göttingen, where he arranged another chair for his long-time friend and colleague [[James Franck]]. Under Born, Göttingen became one of the world's foremost centres for physics. In 1925 Born and [[Werner Heisenberg]] formulated the [[matrix mechanics]] representation of quantum mechanics. The following year, he formulated the now-standard interpretation of the [[probability amplitude|probability density function]] for ψ*ψ in the [[Schrödinger equation]], for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. His influence extended far beyond his own research. [[Max Delbrück]], [[Siegfried Flügge]], [[Friedrich Hund]], [[Pascual Jordan]], [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]], [[Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim]], [[Robert Oppenheimer]], and [[Victor Weisskopf]] all received their PhD degrees under Born at Göttingen, and his assistants included [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Werner Heisenberg]], [[Gerhard Herzberg]], Friedrich Hund, [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[Léon Rosenfeld]], [[Edward Teller]], and [[Eugene Wigner]].

In January 1933, the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in Germany, and Born, who was [[Jewish]], was suspended from his professorship at the University of Göttingen. He emigrated to<!-- "emigrated to", Google Scholar: 110000, Google Books: 3190000--> the United Kingdom, where he took a job at [[St John's College, Cambridge]], and wrote a popular science book, ''The Restless Universe'', as well as ''Atomic Physics'', which soon became a standard [[textbook]]. In October 1936, he became the Tait Professor of [[Natural Philosophy]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], where, working with German-born assistants E. Walter Kellermann and [[Klaus Fuchs]], he continued his research into physics. Born became a naturalised [[British subject]] on 31 August 1939, one day before [[World War II]] broke out in Europe. He remained in Edinburgh until 1952. He retired to [[Bad Pyrmont]], in [[West Germany]], and died in a hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970.<ref name=nbwdis>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iZtRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5297%2C1066126 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |location=(Pennsylvania, U.S.)|agency=Associated Press |title=Nobel prize winner dies |date=6 January 1970 |page=26 }}</ref>