Editing Michael Halliday (section)

{{Short description|British linguist (1925–2018)}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| image             = Michael Halliday at his 90th birthday symposium, 2015.jpg
| image_size        =
| caption           = Halliday at his 90th-birthday [[symposium]], 2015
| other_names       = M. A. K. Halliday
| birth_name        = Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|df=y|1925|4|13}}
| birth_place       = [[Leeds]], England
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=y|2018|4|15|1925|4|13}}
| death_place       = Sydney, Australia
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = 
| ethnicity         = <!-- English -->
| field             = [[Linguistics]]
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[University of Edinburgh]]|[[University of Cambridge]]|[[Stanford University]]|[[University of Sydney]]}}
| alma_mater        = {{plainlist|
* [[University of London]]
* [[Peking University]]
}}
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Systemic functional linguistics]]
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| signature         = 
| spouse            = {{marriage|[[Ruqaiya Hasan]]||24 June 2015|end=d}} 
}}
'''Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday''' (often '''M. A. K. Halliday'''; 13 April 1925 – 15 April 2018) was a British [[linguistics|linguist]] who developed the internationally influential [[systemic functional linguistics]] (SFL) model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of [[systemic functional grammar]].<ref>See Halliday, M.A.K. 2002. ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday''. London: Continuum.</ref> Halliday described language as a [[semiotic]] system, "not in the sense of a system of signs, but a systemic resource for meaning".<ref>Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. "Systemic Background". In ''Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers'' from the ''Ninth International Systemic Workshop'', James D. Benson and William S. Greaves (eds). Ablex. Vol. 3 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 192.</ref> For Halliday, language was a "meaning potential"; by extension, he defined linguistics as the study of "how people exchange meanings by 'languaging'".<ref>Halliday, 1985. "Systemic Background". In ''Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. 1: Selected Theoretical Papers'' from the ''Ninth International Systemic Workshop'', Benson and Greaves (eds). Vol. 3 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 193.</ref> Halliday described himself as a ''generalist'', meaning that he tried "to look at language from every possible vantage point", and has described his work as "wander[ing] the highways and byways of language".<ref>Halliday, 2002. "A Personal Perspective". In ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works'', pp. 7, 14.</ref> But he said that "to the extent that I favoured any one angle, it was the social: language as the creature and creator of human society".<ref>Halliday, 2002. "A Personal Perspective". In ''On Grammar'', Vol. 1 in ''The Collected Works'', p. 6.</ref>

Halliday's [[grammar]] differs markedly from traditional accounts that emphasise the classification of individual words (e.g. [[noun]], [[verb]], [[pronoun]], [[preposition]]) in formal, written sentences in a restricted number of "valued" varieties of English. Halliday's model conceives grammar explicitly as how meanings are coded into wordings, in both spoken and written modes in all varieties and [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of a language. [[Metafunction|Three strands of grammar]] operate simultaneously. They concern (i) the interpersonal exchange between speaker and listener, and writer and reader; (ii) representation of our outer and inner worlds; and (iii) the wording of these meanings in cohesive spoken and written texts, from within the clause up to whole texts.<ref>Halliday M.A.K. and Hasan R. 1976. ''Cohesion in English''. Longman.</ref> Notably, the grammar embraces [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] in spoken language.<ref>Halliday M.A.K. and Greaves W.S. 2008. ''Intonation in the Grammar of English'', Equinox Publishing.</ref><ref>Halliday M.A.K., Hasan R. 1989. ''Spoken and written English''. Oxford University Press.</ref> Halliday's seminal ''Introduction to Functional Grammar'' (first edition, 1985) spawned a new research discipline and related pedagogical approaches. By far the most progress has been made in English, but the international growth of communities of SFL scholars has led to the adaptation of Halliday's advances to some other languages.<ref>Lavid J, Arus J, and Zamorano-Mansilla J. 2010. ''Systemic Functional Grammar of Spanish: A Contrastic Study with English'', Continuum.</ref><ref>Caffarel, A. 2006. ''A Systemic Functional Grammar of French'', Continuum.</ref>