Editing Microarray (section)

{{Short description|Small-scale two-dimensional array of samples on a solid support}}
{{Redirect|Microarrays|the journal|Microarrays (journal)}}
[[File:Venn Diagram for bioMEMS, LOC, and MTAS.svg|right|thumb|upright=2|A [[Venn diagram]] outlining and contrasting some aspects of the fields of [[bio-MEMS]], [[lab-on-a-chip]], [[Total analysis system|μTAS]]]]
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A '''microarray''' is a [[multiplex (assay)|multiplex]] [[lab-on-a-chip]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carroll |first1=Gregory T. |last2=Wang |first2=Denong |last3=Turro |first3=Nicholas J. |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |date=2008 |title=Photons to illuminate the universe of sugar diversity through bioarrays |journal=Glycoconjugate Journal |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1007/s10719-007-9052-1 |issn=0282-0080 |pmc=7088275 |pmid=17610157}}</ref> Its purpose is to simultaneously detect the expression of thousands of biological interactions. It is a two-dimensional array on a [[Substrate (materials science)|solid substrate]]—usually a [[glass slide]] or [[silicon thin-film cell]]—that [[assay]]s (tests) large amounts of [[biotic material|biological material]] using [[high-throughput screening]] miniaturized, multiplexed and parallel processing and detection methods. The concept and methodology of microarrays was first introduced and illustrated in [[antibody microarray]]s (also referred to as [[antibody matrix]]) by [[Tse Wen Chang]] in 1983 in a scientific publication<ref name="pmid6606681">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-1759(83)90318-6 |title=Binding of cells to matrixes of distinct antibodies coated on solid surface |year=1983 |last1=Tse-Wen Chang |journal=Journal of Immunological Methods |volume=65 |pages=217–23 |pmid=6606681 |first1=TW |issue=1–2}}</ref> and a series of patents.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=4591570 |status=patent |title=Matrix of antibody-coated spots for determination of antigens |pubdate= |gdate= |fdate= |pridate= |inventor= |invent1= |invent2= |assign1= |assign2= |class= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=4829010 |status=patent |title=Immunoassay device enclosing matrixes of antibody spots for cell determinations |pubdate= |gdate= |fdate= |pridate= |inventor= |invent1= |invent2= |assign1= |assign2= |class= |url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=5100777 |status=patent |title=Antibody matrix device and method for evaluating immune status |pubdate= |gdate= |fdate= |pridate= |inventor= |invent1= |invent2= |assign1= |assign2= |class= |url=}}</ref> The "[[gene chip]]" industry started to grow significantly after the 1995 ''[[Science Magazine]]'' article by the Ron Davis and Pat Brown labs at Stanford University.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.270.5235.467 |title=Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray |year=1995 |last1=Schena |first1=M. |last2=Shalon |first2=D. |last3=Davis |first3=R. W. |last4=Brown |first4=P. O. |journal=Science |volume=270 |issue=5235 |pages=467–70 |pmid=7569999|bibcode=1995Sci...270..467S |s2cid=6720459 }}</ref> With the establishment of companies, such as [[Affymetrix]], [[Agilent]], Applied Microarrays, Arrayjet, [[Illumina (company)|Illumina]], and others, the technology of [[DNA microarray]]s has become the most sophisticated and the most widely used, while the use of protein, peptide and carbohydrate microarrays<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/pmic.200600478 |title=Photogenerated glycan arrays identify immunogenic sugar moieties of Bacillus anthracis exosporium |year=2007 |journal=Proteomics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=180–184|pmid=17205603 | last1 = Wang | first1 = D | last2 = Carroll | first2 = GT | last3 = Turro | first3 = NJ | last4 = Koberstein | first4 = JT | last5 = Kovác | first5 = P | last6 = Saksena | first6 = R | last7 = Adamo | first7 = R | last8 = Herzenberg | first8 = LA | last9 = Herzenberg | first9 = LA | last10 = Steinman | first10 = L|s2cid=21145793 | doi-access = free }}</ref> is expanding.

Types of microarrays include:
* [[DNA microarray]]s, such as cDNA microarrays, oligonucleotide microarrays, BAC microarrays and SNP microarrays
* [[MMChip]]s, for surveillance of microRNA populations
* [[Protein microarray]]s
* [[Peptide microarray]]s, for detailed analyses or optimization of [[protein–protein interaction]]s
* [[Tissue microarray]]s
* [[Cellular microarray]]s (also called transfection microarrays)
* [[Chemical compound microarray]]s
* [[Antibody microarray]]s
* [[Glycan array]]s (carbohydrate arrays)
* [[Phenotype microarray]]s
* [[Reverse phase protein lysate microarray]]s, microarrays of lysates or serum
* Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor ([[IRIS (Biosensor)|IRIS]])

People in the field of CMOS biotechnology are developing new kinds of microarrays. Once fed [[magnetic nanoparticles]], individual cells can be moved independently and simultaneously on a microarray of magnetic coils. A microarray of [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] microcoils is under development.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785650 |title=The silicon that Moves and Feels Small Living Things |year=2007 |last1=Ham |first1=Donhee |last2=Westervelt |first2=Robert M. |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Newsletter |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=4–9|s2cid=35867338 }}</ref>