Editing Mir (section)

{{Short description|Soviet/Russian space station (1986–2001)}}
{{About|the Soviet/Russian space station}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Page numbers needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox space station
|station              = ''Mir''
|image        = Mir Space Station viewed from Endeavour during STS-89.jpg
|image_caption= ''Mir''  seen from {{OV|105}} during [[STS-89]] (28 January 1998)
|insignia             = Mir insignia.svg
|insignia_size        =
|insignia_caption     = ''Mir'' insignia
|sign                 = ''Mir''
|crew                 = 3
|launch               = 20 February 1986–23 April 1996
|launch_pad           = {{UBL
   | [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|200/39]]
   | Baikonur [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81/23]]
   | [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
   }}
|reentry              = 23 March 2001, 05:59 [[UTC]]
|mass                 = 129,700&nbsp;kg (285,940&nbsp;[[Pound (mass)|lb]])
|length               = 19&nbsp;m (62.3&nbsp;ft){{efn|from Core module to ''Kvant''-1}}
|width                = 31&nbsp;m (101.7&nbsp;ft){{efn|from ''Priroda'' to Docking module}}
|height               = 27.5&nbsp;m (90.2&nbsp;ft){{efn|from ''Kvant''-2 to ''Spektr''}}
|volume               = {{cvt|350|m3}}
|pressure             = c. 101.3&nbsp;[[pascal (unit)|kPa]] (29.91&nbsp;[[inch of mercury|inHg]], 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]])
|perigee              = 354&nbsp;km (189&nbsp;[[nautical mile|nmi]]) [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] <math>\bar{x} \!\,</math>
|apogee               = 374&nbsp;km (216&nbsp;nmi) AMSL <math>\bar{x} \!\,</math>
|inclination          = 51.6 [[Degree (angle)|degrees]]
|speed                = 7.7&nbsp;km/s<br />(27,700&nbsp;km/h, 17,200&nbsp;mph)
|period               = 91.9 minutes <math>\bar{x} \!\,</math>
|orbits_day           = 15.7 <math>\bar{x} \!\,</math>
|in_orbit             = {{age in days|19 February 1986|23 March 2001}} ({{age in years and days|19 February 1986|23 March 2001|sep=and}})
|occupied             = 4,592
|orbits               = 86,331
| COSPAR_ID           = 1986-017A
| SATCAT              = 16609
|as_of                = 23 March 2001<br>(unless noted otherwise)
|stats_ref            =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?lat=48.213&lng=16.296&alt=302&loc=Kuffner-Sternwarte&TZ=CET&satid=16609 |access-date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Heavens-Above.com |date=23 March 2001|title=Mir-Orbit Data |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608215552/http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?lat=48.213&lng=16.296&alt=302&loc=Kuffner-Sternwarte&TZ=CET&satid=16609 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/ESA28WTM5JC_Life_2.html|title=Mir FAQ – Facts and history|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]|access-date=19 August 2010|date=21 February 2001|archive-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022004442/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/ESA28WTM5JC_Life_2.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/mir/status.html|publisher=Spaceflight Now|title=Mir Space Station – Mission Status Center|date=23 March 2001|access-date=19 August 2010|archive-date=17 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617231902/http://spaceflightnow.com/mir/status.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2010|access-date=22 August 2010|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1986-017A |publisher=NASA|title=NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details – Mir|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619210408/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1986-017A |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 August 2010|title=Soviet/Russian space programmes Q&A |publisher= NASASpaceflight.com |url=http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=5966.465|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516061114/https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=5966.465 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MirBIS"/><ref name="FinalBIS"/><ref name="OrbitCalc"/><ref name="MirObs">{{cite web|title=Mir Space Station Observing|url=http://www.satobs.org/mir.html|publisher=Satobs.org|access-date=12 September 2010|date=28 March 2001|archive-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923021140/http://www.satobs.org/mir.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baikonur LC200/39|url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/bai20039.htm |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date=25 September 2010|author=Mark Wade|date=4 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824131238/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/bai20039.htm |archive-date=24 August 2010}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Baikonur LC81/23 |url= http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baic8123.htm |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=25 September 2010|author=Mark Wade|date=4 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100201083155/http://astronautix.com/sites/baic8123.htm |archive-date=1 February 2010}}{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{cite report|title=Cabin Air Quality on Board Mir and the International Space Station—A Comparison|date=22 January 2007|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070013700_2007011164.pdf |last1=Macatangay|first1= A.V.|last2=Perry|first2= J.L.|name-list-style=amp|page=2|publisher=NASA|location=Johnson Space Center & Marshall Spaceflight Center|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061157/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070013700_2007011164.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|configuration_image  = Mir diagram.svg
|configuration_size   =
|configuration_caption= Station elements as of May 1996
|configuration_alt    = The main components of Mir shown as a line diagram, with each module highlighted in a different colour
|configuration_class   = skin-invert-image
}}
{{Soviet space program sidebar}}

'''''Mir''''' ({{langx|ru|Мир}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈmʲir|IPA}}; {{literal translation|peace|world}}) was a [[space station]] operated in [[low Earth orbit]] from 1986 to 2001, first by the [[Soviet Union]] and later by the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]. ''Mir'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986&nbsp;to&nbsp;1996. It had a greater mass than any previous [[spacecraft]]. At the time it was the largest [[artificial satellite]] in orbit, succeeded by the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) after ''Mir''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s [[orbital decay|orbit decayed]]. The station served as a [[microgravity]] [[laboratory | research laboratory]] in which crews conducted [[experiment]]s in [[biology]], [[human biology]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[meteorology]], and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of [[Outer space|space]].

''Mir'' was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous [[human presence in space]] at 3,644 days, until it was surpassed by the ISS on 23 October 2010.<ref name="Mirrecord">{{cite news|last=Jackman|first=Frank|title=ISS Passing Old Russian Mir in Crewed Time|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/asd/2010/10/28/11.xml|newspaper=Aviation Week|date=29 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, with [[Valeri Polyakov]] spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995. ''Mir'' was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, or larger crews for short visits.

Following the success of the [[Salyut programme]], ''Mir'' represented the next stage in the Soviet Union's space station programme. The first module of the station, known as the [[Mir Core Module|core module]] or base block, was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules. [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] [[rocket]]s were used to launch all of its components except for the [[Mir Docking Module|docking module]], which was installed by US [[Space Shuttle]] mission [[STS-74]] in 1995. When complete, the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components. Power was provided by several [[Photovoltaic system#Photovoltaic arrays|photovoltaic arrays]] attached directly to the modules. The station was [[Orbital station-keeping|maintained at an orbit]] between {{convert|296|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|421|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} altitude and travelled at an average speed of 27,700&nbsp;km/h (17,200&nbsp;mph), completing 15.7 orbits per day.<ref name="MirBIS">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmir19860000unse |title=The History of Mir 1986–2000 |publisher=British Interplanetary Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-9506597-4-9 |editor=Hall, R. |pages=43,44 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="FinalBIS">{{cite book|title=Mir: The Final Year|year=2001|publisher=British Interplanetary Society|isbn=978-0-9506597-5-6|editor=Hall, R.}}{{page needed|date=February 2021}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}<ref name="OrbitCalc">{{cite web|title=Orbital period of a planet|url=http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit|publisher=CalcTool|access-date=12 September 2010|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112095042/http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit|url-status=live}}</ref>

The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's [[Soviet space program|crewed spaceflight programme]] effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] (RKA). As a result, most of the station's occupants were Soviet; through international collaborations such as the [[Interkosmos]], [[Euromir]] and [[Shuttle–Mir program|Shuttle–''Mir'']] programmes, the station was made accessible to space travellers from several Asian, European and North American nations. ''Mir'' [[Deorbit of Mir|was deorbited]] in March 2001 after funding was cut off. The cost of the ''Mir'' programme was estimated by former RKA General Director [[Yuri Koptev]] in 2001 as $4.2&nbsp;billion over its lifetime (including development, assembly and orbital operation).<ref>{{cite news|title=Russians Find Pride, and Regret, in Mir's Splashdown|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/science/24MIR.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=9 March 2011|author=Patrick E. Tyler|date=24 March 2001|archive-date=28 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428045543/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/science/24MIR.html|url-status=live}}</ref>