Editing Misnagdim (section)

{{short description|Jewish school of thought}}
{{About|the historical Rabbinic [[Jewish schisms|opposition]] to [[Hasidism]] from the 18th century, centred in Lithuania|the non-Hasidic stream of Eastern European [[Judaism]] as well as the ethnic group of Lithuanian Jews|Litvaks}}

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[[File:Vilnius Ban.jpg|thumb|290px|right|An [[Herem (censure)|anathema]] against the Hasidim, signed by the [[Gaon of Vilna]] and other community officials. August 1781.]]

'''''Misnagdim''''' ({{Script/Hebrew|מתנגדים}}, "Opponents"; [[Sephardi pronunciation]]: ''Mitnagdim''; singular ''misnaged / mitnaged'') was a [[Jewish religious movements|religious movement]] among the [[Eastern European Jewry|Jews of Eastern Europe]] which resisted the rise of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]] in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garfinkle|first=Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBe30ud8K4sC&dq=%22Misnagdim%22&pg=PA75|title=Politics and Society in Modern Israel: Myths and Realities|date=1999-12-07|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3084-1|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Grynberg|first=Michal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7f1QXWDu4gC&dq=%22Misnagdim%22&pg=PT605|title=Words to Outlive Us: Eyewitness Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto|date=2003-11-01|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-1-4668-0434-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sears|first=Dovid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rWVIGOC7hgC&dq=%22Misnagdim%22&pg=PR15|title=The Path of the Baal Shem Tov: Early Chasidic Teachings and Customs|date=1997|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56821-972-1|language=en}}</ref> The ''Misnagdim'' were particularly concentrated in [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuania]], where [[Vilnius]] served as the bastion of the movement, but anti-Hasidic activity was undertaken by the establishment in many locales. The most severe clashes between the factions took place in the latter third of the 18th century; the failure to contain Hasidism led the ''Misnagdim'' to develop distinct religious philosophies and communal institutions, which were not merely a perpetuation of the old status quo but often innovative. The most notable results of these efforts, pioneered by [[Chaim of Volozhin]] and continued by his disciples, were the modern, independent ''[[yeshiva]]'' and the [[Musar movement]]. Since the late 19th century, tensions with the Hasidim largely subsided, and the heirs of ''Misnagdim'' adopted the epithet '''Litvishe''' or ''[[Litvaks]]''.