Editing Monoamine transporter (section)

{{Short description|Proteins that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters}}
[[File:Dopamine Transporter.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Dopamine Transporter (DAT-6)]]

'''Monoamine transporters''' ('''MATs''') are [[protein]]s that function as integral [[Cell membrane|plasma-membrane]] [[Neurotransmitter transporter|transporter]]s to regulate concentrations of extracellular [[monoamine neurotransmitter]]s. The three major classes are [[serotonin transporter]]s (SERTs), [[dopamine transporter]]s (DATs), and [[norepinephrine transporter]]s (NETs) and are responsible for the reuptake of their associated amine neurotransmitters ([[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]]). MATs are located just outside the synaptic cleft (peri-synaptically), transporting monoamine transmitter overflow from the synaptic cleft back to the cytoplasm of the pre-synaptic neuron.<ref name=Torres>{{cite journal|last=Torres|first=Gonzalo E.|author2=Raul R. Gainetdinov |author3=Marc G. Caron |title=Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporters: Structure, Regulation and Function|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |date=January 2003|volume=4|pages=13–25| doi=10.1038/nrn1008|issue=1|pmid=12511858|s2cid=21545649}}</ref> MAT regulation generally occurs through [[protein phosphorylation]] and [[post-translational modification]].<ref name=rama>{{cite journal | last1 = Ramamoorthy | first1 = Sammanda | last2 = Shippenberg | first2 = Toni | last3 = Jayanthi | first3 = Lankupalle | year = 2010 | title = Regulation of monoamine transporters: Role of transporter phosphorylation | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 129 | issue = 2| pages = 220–238 | doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.09.009| pmid = 20951731 | pmc = 3031138 }}</ref>  Due to their significance in neuronal signaling, MATs are commonly associated with [[drugs]] used to [[Psychiatric medication|treat]] [[mental disorders]] as well as [[recreational drugs]]. Compounds targeting MATs range from medications such as the wide variety of [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s, [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s such as [[fluoxetine]] (Prozac) to [[stimulant]] medications such as [[methylphenidate]] (Ritalin) and [[amphetamine]] in its many forms (Adderall, Dexedrine) and derivatives [[methamphetamine]] (Desoxyn) and [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse). Furthermore, drugs such as [[MDMA]]<ref name="pmid17209801">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR |title = New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines|journal = Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology|volume = 47|pages = 681–98|year = 2007|pmid = 17209801|doi = 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140|issue=1}}</ref> ("ecstasy", "molly") and natural alkaloids such as [[cocaine]] exert their effects in part by their interaction with MATs, by blocking the transporters from mopping up dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters from the synapse.<ref name=Torres/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drugbank.com|website=DrugBank|accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref>