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Morisco
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{{short description|Muslim-descended community in Spain}} {{about||the grape|Mourisco tinto|the 2011 novel by Hassan Aourid|The Morisco (novel)}} {{italic title}} {{History of al-Andalus}} {{History of Spain}} {{History of Portugal}} '''''Moriscos''''' ({{IPA|es|moˈɾiskos|lang}}, {{IPA|ca|muˈɾiskus|lang}}; {{langx|pt|mouriscos}} {{IPA|pt|moˈɾiʃkuʃ|}}; Spanish for "[[Moors|Moorish]]") were former [[Muslim]]s and their descendants whom the [[Catholic Church]] and [[Habsburg Spain]] commanded to [[forced conversion|forcibly convert]] to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed [[Islam]]. Spain had a sizeable Muslim population, the ''[[mudéjar|mudéjars]]'', in the early 16th century.<ref name="Chejne1983">{{cite book|author=Anwar G. Chejne|title=Islam and the West: The Moriscos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypL60E0ZVN8C&pg=PA7|year=1983|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0791498873|page=7}}</ref> The [[Iberian Union]] mistrusted Moriscos and feared that they would prompt new invasions from the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[Fall of Constantinople]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/what-don-quixote-has-to-say-to-spain-about-todays-immigrant-crisis-45482|title = What Don Quixote has to say to Spain about today's immigrant crisis|website=theconversation| date=26 August 2015 }}</ref> so between 1609 and 1614 they began to [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expel them systematically]] from the various kingdoms of the Union. The most severe expulsions occurred in the eastern [[Kingdom of Valencia]]. The exact number of Moriscos present in Spain before the expulsion is unknown and can only be guessed based on official records of the edict of expulsion. Furthermore, the overall number who were able to avoid deportation is also unknown, with estimates on the proportion of those who avoided expulsion or returned to Spain ranging from 5% to 40%.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtDCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|title=Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava|first=Trevor J.|last=Dadson|date=2018|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=978-1855662735|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="bibliotecaspublicas.es">Trevor J. Dadson: [http://www.bibliotecaspublicas.es/villarrubiadelosojos/imagenes/Dadson_Assimilation_Reality_or_Fiction.pdf ''The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612121737/http://www.bibliotecaspublicas.es/villarrubiadelosojos/imagenes/Dadson_Assimilation_Reality_or_Fiction.pdf |date=2013-06-12 }}. Journal of Levantine Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, Winter 2011, pp. 11–30</ref> The large majority settled on the western fringe of the Ottoman Empire and the [[Kingdom of Morocco]]. The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for [[crypto-Islam]]ic practices occurred in [[Granada]] in 1727, with most receiving relatively light sentences.<ref>Már Jónsson, "The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery." ''Journal of Global History'' 2.2 (2007): 195–212.</ref> In Spanish, ''morisco'' was also used in official colonial-era documentation in [[Spanish America]] to denote mixed-race ''[[casta]]s'': the children of relations between Spanish men and women of mixed African-European ancestry.
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