Editing Mount Garibaldi (section)

{{Short description|Stratovolcano in British Columbia, Canada}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Garibaldi
| other_name = '''Nch'ḵay̓'''
| photo = Mount Garibaldi West Face.jpg
| photo_caption = West face of Mount Garibaldi
| photo_alt = A snow-covered, conical mountain with two peaks rising over the foreground on a nearly clear day
| elevation_m  = 2678
| elevation_ref = <ref name="GVP">{{cite gvp|name=Garibaldi: General Information|vn=320200|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|49|51|01|N|123|00|17|W|type:mountain_region:CA-BC_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="KS">{{cite bcgnis|id=5329|name=Mount Garibaldi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109100951/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/5329.html|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>
| length_km = 3
| length_ref = <ref name="HLK">{{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|chapter=Volcanoes of Canada|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=112, 113, 114, 144, 145|isbn=0-521-43811-X}}</ref>
| width_km = 5
| width_ref = <ref name="HLK"/>
| volume_km3 = 6.5
| volume_ref = <ref name="HLK"/>
| etymology = [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]<ref name="KS"/>
| native_name = {{native name|squ|Nch'ḵay̓}}<ref name="KS"/>
| map = Canada British Columbia
| map_caption = Location in British Columbia
| map_alt = Relief map of British Columbia pinpointing the location of Mount Garibaldi
| label_position = below
| country = [[Canada]]<ref name="HLK"/>
| region_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| region = [[British Columbia]]<ref name="HLK"/>
| district= [[New Westminster Land District]]<ref name="KS"/>
| part_type = [[Protected area|Protected&nbsp;area]]
| part = [[Garibaldi Provincial Park]]<ref name="AQW">{{cite web|title=Garibaldi Provincial Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/garibaldi/|access-date=2010-06-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716223414/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/garibaldi/|archive-date=2021-07-16}}</ref>
| range = [[Garibaldi Ranges]]
| topo_maker = [[National Topographic System|NTS]]
| topo_map = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|92|G|14}}<ref name="KS"/>
| period = < 260,000 years old<ref name="HLK"/>
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]<ref name="GVP"/>
| geology = [[Dacite]]<ref name="HLK"/>
| volcanic_arc/belt = [[Cascade Volcanic Arc]]<ref name="JV">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=A. M.|last2=Russell|first2=J. K.|title=Field Volcanology: A Tribute to the Distinguished Career of Don Swanson|chapter=Quaternary Glaciovolcanism in the Canadian Cascade Volcanic Arc—Paleoenvironmental Implications|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|volume=538|year=2019|pages=134, 141|doi=10.1130/SPE538|isbn=978-0-8137-9538-6|s2cid=214521258}}</ref><br />[[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]]<ref name="HLK"/>
| last_eruption = 8060 BCE ± 500 years<ref name="DL">{{cite gvp|name=Garibaldi: Eruptive History|vn=320200|vtab=Eruptions|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref>
}}

'''Mount Garibaldi''' ({{langx|squ|Nch'ḵay̓}}, {{IPA|squ|n̩.ʧʼqɛˀj̰|pron}}) is a dormant [[stratovolcano]] in the [[Garibaldi Ranges]] of the [[Pacific Ranges]] in southwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. It has a maximum elevation of {{Convert|2678|m|ft|abbr=off}} and rises above the surrounding landscape on the east side of the [[Cheakamus River]] in [[New Westminster Land District]]. In addition to the main peak, Mount Garibaldi has two named sub-peaks. [[Atwell Peak]] is a sharp, conical peak slightly higher than the more rounded peak of Dalton Dome. Both were volcanically active at different times throughout Mount Garibaldi's eruptive history. The northern and eastern flanks of Mount Garibaldi are obscured by the [[Garibaldi Névé]], a large [[snowfield]] containing several radiating [[glacier]]s. Flowing from the steep western face of Mount Garibaldi is the [[Cheekye River]], a [[tributary]] of the Cheakamus River. [[Opal Cone]] on the southeastern flank is a small [[volcanic cone]] from which a lengthy [[lava flow]] descends. The western face is a [[volcanic landslide|landslide]] feature that formed in a series of collapses between 12,800&nbsp;and 11,500&nbsp;years ago. These collapses resulted in the formation of a large [[debris flow]] deposit that fans out into the [[Squamish Valley]].

Mount Garibaldi has been the focus of intermittent volcanic activity over the last 260,000&nbsp;years. This activity produced mostly [[dacite]], the main type of [[volcanic rock]] forming Mount Garibaldi. Volcanism between 260,000 and 220,000 years ago constructed an ancestral cone that was subsequently destroyed. Another growth period began with the eruption of Atwell Peak about 13,000&nbsp;years ago when Mount Garibaldi was surrounded by an [[ice sheet]] during the [[last glacial period]]. The latest period of volcanic activity took place about 10,000&nbsp;years ago with eruptions from Dalton Dome and Opal Cone after the ice sheet retreated. Although the mountain is not known to have been volcanically active since that time, it could erupt again, which could endanger the nearby populace. If this were to happen, relief efforts could be organized by teams such as the [[Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan]] who are prepared to notify people threatened by volcanic eruptions in Canada.

The area surrounding Mount Garibaldi has been inhabited by [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|indigenous peoples]] for thousands of years. Their oral history includes a story of the mountain and a [[Flood myth|great flood]]. The non-indigenous name of the mountain was given by [[George Henry Richards]] in 1860 in honour of the Italian patriot and soldier [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. Several [[mountaineers]] had climbed Mount Garibaldi by the early 1900s, some of whom were members of mountaineering clubs. A plane operated by [[Pacific Western Airlines]] crashed on the slopes of Mount Garibaldi in 1953; all five people aboard were killed. The construction of a ski resort was begun in the late 1960s, but developments were halted in 1969 due to financial difficulties. Several [[climbing route]]s ascend the flanks of Mount Garibaldi and involve traversing glaciers, snow slopes or loose rock. [[Mountain climbing]] hazards include [[crevasse]]s, [[avalanche]]s and [[rockfall]]s. Access to Mount Garibaldi is via hiking trails from [[Alice Ridge]], Brohm Ridge, and the [[Diamond Head (British Columbia)|Diamond Head]] parking lot at the end of Garibaldi Park Road.