Editing Muhammad (section)

{{Short description|Founder of Islam (c. 570 – 632)}}
{{About|the Islamic prophet|other people named Muhammad|Muhammad (name)|the Islamic view and perspective|Muhammad in Islam|other uses|Muhammad (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp|small=yes|expiry=indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix   = <!-- see [[MOS:PBUH]] -->
| name               = Muhammad
| native_name        = {{nobold|{{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|مُحَمَّد}}}}}}
| native_name_lang   = ar
| image              = Dark vignette Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door800x600x300 (cropped).jpg
| caption            = "Muhammad, the Messenger of God" inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]], [[Medina]]
| alt                = Inscription proclaiming Muhammad as the messenger of God
| birth_date         = {{Circa|570&nbsp;CE}} (53 [[Hijri year|BH]]){{sfn|Conrad|1987}}
| birth_place        = {{Longitem|[[Mecca]], Hejaz, Arabia}}
| death_date         = {{Death date|632|6|8|df=y}} CE (11 AH; aged 61–62)
| death_place        = {{Longitem|[[Medina]], the [[first Islamic state]]}}
| resting_place      = {{Longitem|style=white-space; |[[Green Dome]] at the [[Prophet's Mosque]], Medina, Arabia}}
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|24|28|03|N|39|36|41|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|display=inline|name=Green Dome}}
| other_names        = {{tlit|ar|Rasūl Allāh}} ({{literal translation|Messenger of God}})<br />See [[Names and titles of Muhammad]]
| known_for          = Establishing [[Islam]]
| spouse             = See [[Wives of Muhammad]]
| children           = See [[Children of Muhammad]]
| parents            = {{plainlist|
*[[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] (father)
*[[Amina bint Wahb]] (mother)
}}
| relatives          = [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{literal translation|People of the House}})<br />See [[Family tree of Muhammad]]
| module             = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism=Muḥammad
|ism-ar={{Script|Arab|مُحَمَّد}}
|nasab=Ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd Allāh]] ibn [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hāshim]] ibn [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai|ʿAbd Manāf]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Quṣayy]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilāb]]
|nasab-ar={{Script|Arab|ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب بْن هَاشِم بْن عَبْد مَنَاف بْن قُصَيّ بْن كِلَاب}}
|kunya=[[Abū al-Qāsim]]
|kunya-ar={{Script|Arab|أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم}}
|laqab=[[Seal of the Prophets|Khātam al-Nabiyyīn]] 
|laqab-ar={{Script|Arab|خَاتَم ٱلنَّبِيِّين}} {{nwr|{{literal translation|Seal of the Prophets}}}}
}}
| religion           =
}}
{{Muhammad}}

'''Muhammad'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɑː|m|ə|d}}; {{langx|ar|مُحَمَّد|Muḥammad|lit=praiseworthy}}; {{IPA|ar|mʊˈħæm.mæd|}}}}{{efn|He is referred to by many appellations, including '''Muhammad ibn Abd Allah''', '''Messenger of God''', '''Prophet Muhammad''', '''God's Apostle''', '''Last Prophet of Islam''', and others; there are also variant spellings of Muhammad, such as '''Mohamet''', '''Mohammed''', '''Mahamad''', '''Muhamad''', '''Mohamed''', and many others.}} ({{circa|570}}{{snd}}8 June 632&nbsp;CE){{efn|{{harvnb|Goldman|1995|p=63}}, gives 8 June 632&nbsp;CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant#Conquest of Palestine|Muslim conquest of Palestine]].}} was an [[Arab]] religious, political and military leader and the founder of [[Islam]].{{efn|According to {{harvnb|Welch|Moussalli|Newby|2009}}, writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ({{tlit|ar|rasūl Allāh}}), called to be a 'warner,' first to the Arabs and then to all humankind."}} [[Muhammad in Islam|According to Islam]], he was a prophet who was [[divinely inspired]] to preach and confirm the [[tawhid|monotheistic]] teachings of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], and other [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]]. He is believed to be the [[Seal of the Prophets]] in Islam, and along with the [[Quran]], his teachings and [[Sunnah|normative examples]] form the basis for Islamic religious belief.

Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]] to the aristocratic [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh]]. He was the son of [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Amina bint Wahb]]. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader [[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]], died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]]. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named [[Jabal al-Nour|Hira]] for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, in {{Circa|610|lk=no}}, Muhammad reported being visited by [[Gabriel]] in the cave and receiving [[Muhammad's first revelation|his first revelation]] from God. In 613,<ref>Howarth, Stephen. ''Knights Templar''. 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-8264-8034-7}} p.&nbsp;199.</ref> Muhammad started [[Dawah|preaching]] these revelations publicly,<ref name="AlAzami2003">[[Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami]] (2003), ''The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments'', pp.&nbsp;26–27. UK Islamic Academy. {{ISBN|978-1-872531-65-6}}.</ref> proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" ({{tlit|ar|[[Islam#Etymology|Islām]]}}) to [[God in Islam|God]] ({{tlit|ar|[[Allāh]]}}) is the right way of life ({{tlit|ar|[[dīn]]}}),{{sfn|Ahmad|2009}} and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to other [[Prophets in Islam#Table of prophets/messengers in the Quran|prophets in Islam]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Welch|Moussalli|Newby|2009}}
* {{harvnb|Esposito|1998|pp=9, 12}}
* {{harvnb|Esposito|2002|pp=4–5}}
* {{harvnb|Peters|2003|p=9}}
* {{harvnb|Buhl|Welch|1993}}</ref>

[[Companions of the Prophet|Muhammad's followers]] were initially few in number, and experienced [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|persecution by Meccan polytheists]] for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he [[Migration to Abyssinia|sent some of his followers]] to [[Kingdom of Aksum|Abyssinia]] in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to [[Medina]] (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the {{tlit|ar|[[Hijrah]]}}, marks the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]], also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the [[Constitution of Medina]]. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and [[Conquest of Mecca|marched on the city of Mecca]]. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had [[converted to Islam]].

The revelations ({{tlit|ar|[[waḥy]]}}) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses ({{tlit|ar|[[āyah]]}}) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as [[hadith]], and in his biography ({{tlit|ar|[[sīrah]]}}), are also upheld and used as [[sources of Islamic law]]. Apart from Islam, Muhammad has received praise in [[Sikhism]] as an inspirational figure, in the [[Druze|Druze faith]] as one of the seven main [[Druze#Prophethood|prophets]], and in the [[Baháʼí Faith]] as a [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]].