Editing Muhammad Ali's rise to power (section)

{{Short description|Establishment of Muhammad Ali's rule over Egypt}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Muhammad Ali's rise to power
| width             = 
| partof            = [[Ottoman wars in Africa]] and Muhammad Ali's campaigns
| image             = File:Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo.png
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = ''[[Massacre of the Mamelukes]]'' by [[Horace Vernet]], 1819
| date              = 1803–1807
| place             = [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]]
| result            = {{ublist|Muhammad Ali victory}} 
*[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] becomes ruler of [[Egypt]]
*Egypt [[Eyalet]] established
*End of Mamluk power in Egypt
*Ottomans expelled from Egypt
*Egypt Eyalet becomes an autonomous Ottoman Vassal and a de facto independent sovereign state
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1793}} [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]
| combatant2        = Albanian mercenaries
| combatant3        = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mameluks.svg}} [[Mamluks]]
| combatant4        = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1793}} [[Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha|Koca Pasha]]
| commander2        = [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]
| commander3        = Muhammad Alfi
| commander4        = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Alexander Mackenzie-Fraser]]
| strength1         = Unknown
| strength2         = 6,000 Albanian mercenaries<ref>{{cite book|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|title=The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923|series=A History of the Near East|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781317871071|pages=145–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IkcBgAAQBAJ|quote=..., and the Albanian soldier named Muhammad 'Ali. Muhammad 'Ali (c. 1770-1849) had arrived in Egypt in 1801 as second-in-command of the Kavalla contingent of the 6,000 Albanian troops in the 10,000-strong Ottoman force sent to collaborate with the British forces against the French. In 1803 he became leader of the Albanian contingent, which was the most powerful military force in Egypt, and chief rival of the Ottoman pasha, whom he deposed in 1805 with the support of the ulema and people of Cairo.}}</ref>
| strength3         = Unknown
| strength4         = 5,000
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = Unknown
| casualties3       = 3,000 Turkish-Egyptian Mamluks<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mamelukes are massacred in Egypt|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/mamelukes-are-massacred-egypt|access-date=2022-08-19|website=www.historytoday.com}}                             </ref>
| casualties4       = 950+ killed
200+ wounded
400 captured
| notes             = 
}}

{{Campaignbox Muhammad Ali of Egypt}}

[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] rose to power in [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] following a long, four-way [[civil war]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]], "Egyptian" [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]]s who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and [[Albanians|Albanian]] mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans. The conflict ended in victory for the Albanians (from [[Rumelia]]) led by Ali.<ref name=Kamusella>{{cite journal|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|author-link=Tomasz Kamusella|title=Central Europe's Limits in the North and the South|journal=Acta Slavica Iaponica|volume=44|year=2023|pages=83–112|issn=0288-3503|publisher=Slavic Research Center, [[Hokkaido University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911 | wstitle=Egypt/3_History
|display=Egypt § History |volume=9 |pages=106–113 |first=Frank Richardson |last=Cana}}</ref>

The four-way struggle occurred following the [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)|French invasion of Egypt]] by [[Napoleon]]. After the French were defeated, a power vacuum was created in Egypt. The Mamluks had governed Egypt before the French invasion and still retained power in the region. However, Egypt was officially a part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and many Ottoman troops who had been sent to evict the French were still present.