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Muhammad Shah
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{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748}} {{About||the ruler of Persia |Mohammad Shah Qajar|the Afghan warlord and later Nawab of Sardhana|Jan-Fishan Khan|other similarly named persons and places|Muhammad Shah (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}} {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Muhammad Shah | title = [[Padishah]]<br />[[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]<br> Rangeela | image = Nidha Mal Jharokha portrait of Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and the mouthpiece of a huqqa ca. 1730 The San Diego Museum of Art.jpg | alt = | caption = Emperor Muhammad Shah holding an emerald and a mouthpiece of a [[hookah|huqqa]], by Nidha Mal, {{circa|1730}} | succession = [[Mughal Emperor]] | reign = 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 | coronation = 29 September 1719 | predecessor = [[Shah Jahan II]]<br>[[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] ([[Titular ruler|titular]]) | reg-type1 = Wazirs | regent1 = {{ubl|[[Syed Brothers|Abdullah Khan II]] (1719–1720)|[[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]] (1720–1721)|[[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] (1721–1724)|[[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Itimad-ud-Daulah, Qamar-ud-Din Khan]] (1724–1748) }} | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]] | successor = [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] | birth_name = Roshan Akhtar<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1702|08|07|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Ghazni]], [[Kabul Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1748|04|26|1702|08|07|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], Mughal Empire | spouse = {{marriage|[[Badshah Begum]]<br/>|1721}} | spouse-type = Consort | issue = {{unbulletedlist|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]|Taj Mahmud Mirza<ref name="malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Zahir Uddin|title=The reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719–1748|date=1977|publisher=Asia Pub. House|location=London|isbn=9780210405987|page=407}}</ref>|Shaharyar Mirza<ref name="malik"/>|[[Hazrat Begum]]|}} | full name = Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Bahadur Ghazi | father = [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] | mother = Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum<ref name="malik"/> | signature = Genealogical seal of Muhammad Shah, 1133 A.H. (circa September–October 1721 C.E.).png | signature_type = Seal | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}} | spouses = {{plainlist| *[[Sahiba Mahal]] *[[Qudsia Begum]] *Fatehpuri Mahal<ref name="malik"/> *Roshanabadi Mahal<ref name="malik"/> }} | spouses-type = Wives | regnal name = Muhammad Shah | house = [[Mughal dynasty|House of Babur]] | place of burial = Mausoleum of Muhammad Shah, [[Nizamuddin Dargah]], [[Delhi]], India }} {{Mughal}} '''Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah''' (born '''Roshan Akhtar''';<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Muhammad Shah |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Shah |access-date=18 September 2017 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748)<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> was the thirteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1719 to 1748.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=193}}</ref> He was son of [[Jahan Shah I|Khujista Akhtar]], the fourth son of [[Bahadur Shah I]]. After being chosen by the [[Sayyid brothers|Sayyid Brothers of Barha]], he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under their strict supervision.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&dq=rafi+ud+darajat+syed+brothers&pg=PA120 |title= The Wonder That Is Urdu| author= Krishna|page=121 |date= 2022 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 9788120843011}}</ref> He later got rid of them with the help of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] – [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Syed Hussain Ali Khan]] was murdered at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] in 1720 and [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]] was captured in battle in 1720 and fatally poisoned in 1722.<ref name="Shaharyar_Begums_2000">{{cite book|title=The Begums of Bhopal|author=Shaharyar M. Khan|edition=illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2000|isbn=978-1-86064-528-0|page=18}}</ref> Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments, he is thus often referred to as '''Muhammad Shah Rangila''' ({{lit|Muhammad Shah "the colourful"}}).<ref name="sn"/> His pen-name was "Sadrang" and he is also sometimes referred to as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father [[Bahadur Shah I]]. Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by rapid and irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire that was exacerbated by [[Nader Shah's invasion of India]] and the [[sack of Delhi|sacking of Delhi]] in 1739. The course of events not only shocked and mortified the Mughals themselves, but also other foreigners, including the [[East India Company|British]].
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