Editing Myopia (section)

{{Short description|Inability to focus in distant objects}}
{{Other uses}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Myopia
| image = Myopia.gif
| caption = Diagram showing changes in the eye with myopia
| field = [[Ophthalmology]], [[optometry]]
| synonyms = near-sightedness, short-sightedness
| symptoms = Distant objects appear [[blurred vision|blurry]], [[headache]]s, [[eye strain]]<ref name=NIH2010/>
| complications = [[Retinal detachment]], [[cataract]]s, [[glaucoma]]<ref name="Fos2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foster PJ, Jiang Y | title = Epidemiology of myopia | journal = Eye | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–8 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24406412 | pmc = 3930282 | doi = 10.1038/eye.2013.280 }}</ref>
| onset = 
| duration = Typically permanent once it develops
| causes = Combination of genetic and environmental factors<ref name=Fos2014/>
| risks = Near work, greater time spent indoors, family history<ref name=Fos2014/><ref name=Pan2012/>
| diagnosis = [[Eye examination]]<ref name=NIH2010/>
| differential = 
| prevention = Unknown
| treatment = [[Eyeglass]]es, [[contact lenses]], [[surgery]]<ref name=NIH2010/>
| medication = Low-dose Atropine Eye drops<ref>{{cite web |title=Myopia Control Clinic |url=https://www.uab.edu/optometry/home/uab-eye-care/myopia-control-clinic |website=University of Alabama at Birmingham |access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref>
| prognosis = Generally stable after it progresses in early adulthood. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Timothy L. |last2=Vote |first2=Brendan |last3=Knight |first3=Bruce C. |last4=El-Amir |first4=Ahmed |last5=Stanford |first5=Miles R. |title=Safety Testing of Infracyanine Green Using Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Glial Cell Cultures |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=3588–3593 |year=2004 |doi=10.1167/iovs.04-0304}}</ref>
| frequency = Approximately 30% of people around the world<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sankaridurg |first=Padmaja |first2=Nina |last2=Tahhan |first3=Himal |last3=Kandel |first4=Thomas |last4=Naduvilath |first5=Haidong |last5=Zou |first6=Kevin D. |last6=Frick |first7=Srinivas |last7=Marmamula |first8=David S. |last8=Friedman |first9=Ecosse |last9=Lamoureux |first10=Jill |last10=Keeffe |first11=Jeffrey J. |last11=Walline |first12=Timothy R. |last12=Fricke |first13=Vilas |last13=Kovai |first14=Serge |last14=Resnikoff |title=IMI Impact of Myopia |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=2 |year=2021 |url=https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2772540 |doi=10.1167/iovs.62.5.2 |access-date=2025-04-28}}</ref>
| deaths = Not deadly
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

'''Myopia''', also known as '''near-sightedness''' and '''short-sightedness''',<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bikas |first=Bhattacharyya |title=Textbook of Visual Science and Clinical Optometry |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher |year=2009 |isbn=9788184485998 |edition=First |location=New Delhi, India |publication-date=2009 |pages=143 |language=English}}</ref> is an eye condition<ref>https://www.carehospitals.com/diseases-conditions/myopia</ref><ref>https://www.specsavers.co.uk/eye-health/myopia</ref> where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the [[retina]].<ref name="NIH2010" /><ref name="Fos2014" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Nearsightedness: What Is Myopia? |url=https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/myopia-nearsightedness |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=American Academy of Ophthalmology |language=en}}</ref> As a result, distant objects appear [[blurred vision|blurry]], while close objects appear normal.<ref name="NIH2010" /> Other symptoms may include [[headache]]s and [[eye strain]].<ref name="NIH2010">{{cite web|title=Facts About Refractive Errors|url=https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|website=NEI|access-date=30 July 2016|date=October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000730/https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors|archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Seltman |title=Eye Health and Nearsightedness in Children and Adults |url=https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/nearsightedness-myopia |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of [[macular degeneration]], [[retinal detachment]], [[cataract]]s, and [[glaucoma]].<ref name="Fos2014" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haarman |first1=Annechien E. G. |last2=Enthoven |first2=Clair A. |last3=Tideman |first3=J. Willem L. |last4=Tedja |first4=Milly S. |last5=Verhoeven |first5=Virginie J. M. |last6=Klaver |first6=Caroline C. W. |date=2020-04-29 |title=The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=49 |doi=10.1167/iovs.61.4.49 |issn=0146-0404 |pmc=7401976 |pmid=32347918}}</ref>

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] being too strong.<ref name="NIH2010" /><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Ledford A, Nemeth SC, Ledford JK |title=Ocular anatomy and physiology |date=2008 |publisher=SLACK |location=Thorofare, NJ|isbn=9781556427923 |page=158|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cphm_fxwvl8C&pg=PA158|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> It is a type of [[refractive error]].<ref name=NIH2010/> Diagnosis is by the use of [[Cycloplegic refraction|cycloplegics]] during eye examination.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Ajay Kumar |first=Bhootra |title=Clinical Refraction Guide |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-5152-063-4 |edition=First |location=New Delhi, India |pages=63 |language=English}}</ref><!-- Prevention and treatment -->

Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.<ref name=Ram2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM | title = A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence | journal = Clinical & Experimental Optometry | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 497–506 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26497977 | doi = 10.1111/cxo.12346 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, Lv M, He X, Xu X | display-authors = 6 | title = Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review | journal = Acta Ophthalmologica | volume = 95 | issue = 6 | pages = 551–566 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28251836 | pmc = 5599950 | doi = 10.1111/aos.13403 }}</ref> This decrease in risk may be related to [[Daylighting (architecture)|natural light]] exposure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hobday R | title = Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health? | journal = Perspectives in Public Health | volume = 136 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–5 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 25800796 | doi = 10.1177/1757913915576679 | s2cid = 19400451 }}</ref> Myopia can be corrected with [[eyeglass]]es, [[contact lenses]], or by [[refractive surgery]].<ref name=NIH2010/><ref name="Short-sightedness myopia">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Short-sightedness (myopia) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/short-sightedness/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.<ref name=NIH2010/> Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected [[field of vision]], but are associated with an increased risk of infection.<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Benefits of Vision Correction with Contact Lenses {{!}} Contact Lenses {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/contactlenses/benefits.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Refractive surgeries such as [[LASIK]] and [[Photorefractive keratectomy|PRK]] permanently change the shape of the [[cornea]]. Other procedures include [[implantable collamer lens]] (ICL) inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xun |last2=Wang |first2=Xiao-Ying |last3=Zhang |first3=Xi |last4=Chen |first4=Zhi |last5=Zhou |first5=Xing-Tao |date=2016-10-18 |title=Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery |journal=International Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1421–1426 |doi=10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09 |issn=2222-3959 |pmc=5075656 |pmid=27803858}}</ref>

<!-- Epidemiology -->
Myopia is the most common eye problem and is estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of the world population).<ref name=Fos2014/><ref name=Hol2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M | title = Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control | journal = Eye | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–6 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24357836 | pmc = 3930268 | doi = 10.1038/eye.2013.256 }}</ref> Rates vary significantly in different areas of the world.<ref name=Fos2014/> Rates among adults are between 15% and 49%.<ref name=Pan2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM | title = Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia | journal = Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–16 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22150586 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x | s2cid = 32397628 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Pan2015/> Among children, it affects 1% of rural Nepalese, 4% of South Africans, 12% of people in the US, and 37% in some large Chinese cities.<ref name=Fos2014/><ref name=Pan2012/> In China the proportion of girls is slightly higher than boys.<ref name="pmid31259808">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dong L, Kang YK, Li Y, Wei WB, Jonas JB|date=March 2020|title=Prevalence And Time Trends Of Myopia In Children And Adolescents In China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=Retina|volume=40|issue=3|pages=399–411|doi=10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590|pmid=31259808|s2cid=195756787}}</ref> Rates have increased since the 1950s.<ref name=Pan2015/> Uncorrected myopia is one of the most common causes of [[vision impairment]] globally along with [[cataract]]s, [[macular degeneration]], and [[vitamin A deficiency]].<ref name=Pan2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM | title = The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis | journal = Optometry and Vision Science | volume = 92 | issue = 3 | pages = 258–66 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25611765 | doi = 10.1097/opx.0000000000000516 | s2cid = 42359341 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fredrick |first=Douglas R |date=2002-05-18 |title=Myopia |journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7347 |pages=1195–1199 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=1123161 |pmid=12016188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Common Eye Disorders and Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basics/ced/index.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision impairment and blindness |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>
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