Editing Negotiation (section)

{{short description|Dialogue intended to reach an agreement}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{hatnote group|{{redirect|Negotiator}}{{other uses}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Negotiations about Iranian Nuclear Program - Foreign Ministers and other Officials of P5+1 Iran and EU in Lausanne.jpg|thumb|The ministers of foreign affairs of the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, France, China, the European Union and Iran [[Negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework|negotiating]] in [[Lausanne]] for a [[Comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme]] (30 March 2015)]]
[[File:Treaty of trianon negotiations.jpg|thumb|Signing the [[Treaty of Trianon]] on 4 June 1920. [[Albert Apponyi]] standing in the middle.]]
{{Conflict resolution sidebar}}

'''Negotiation''' is a [[dialogue]] between two or more parties to resolve points of difference, gain an advantage for an individual or [[Collective bargaining|collective]], or craft outcomes to satisfy various interests. The parties aspire to agree on matters of [[The Impact of Religion on International Negotiations|mutual interest]].<ref name="Adnan 622–626">{{Cite book|last1=Adnan|first1=Muhamad Hariz Muhamad|last2=Hassan|first2=Mohd Fadzil|last3=Aziz|first3=Izzatdin|last4=Paputungan|first4=Irving V|title=2016 3rd International Conference on Computer and Information Sciences (ICCOINS) |chapter=Protocols for agent-based autonomous negotiations: A review |date=August 2016|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=IEEE|pages=622–626|doi=10.1109/ICCOINS.2016.7783287|isbn=978-1-5090-2549-7|s2cid=11379608}}</ref> The agreement can be beneficial for all or some of the parties involved. The '''negotiators''' should establish their own needs and wants while also seeking to understand the wants and needs of others involved to increase their chances of closing deals, avoiding conflicts, forming relationships with other parties, or maximizing mutual gains.<ref name="Adnan 622–626"/> Distributive negotiations, or compromises, are conducted by putting forward a position and making concessions to achieve an agreement. The degree to which the negotiating parties [[Trust (social science)|trust]] each other to implement the negotiated solution is a major factor in determining the success of a negotiation.

People negotiate daily, often without considering it a negotiation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Negotiation, or the art of Negotiating | last=de Felice |  first= Fortune Barthélémy | editor-last=Zartman | editor-first=I William | chapter=The 50%Solution | publisher=Doubleday Anchor | date=1976 | location=United States | pages=549}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Getting to yes : negotiating agreement without giving in|last1=Fisher|first1=Roger|last2=Ury|first2=William|editor1-last=Patton|editor1-first=Bruce|date=1984|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0140065343|edition=Reprint|url=https://archive.org/details/gettingtoyesnego00fish}}</ref> Negotiations may occur in organizations, including businesses, non-profits, and governments, as well as in sales and [[legal proceeding]]s, and personal situations such as marriage, divorce, parenting, friendship, etc. Professional negotiators are often specialized. Examples of professional negotiators include union negotiators, leverage buyout negotiators, peace negotiators, and [[hostage negotiator]]s. They may also work under other titles, such as [[diplomat]]s, [[legislators]], or [[arbitrator]]s. Negotiations may also be conducted by algorithms or machines in what is known as [[automated negotiation]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Adnan|first1=Muhamad Hariz|title=A Survey and Future Vision of Double Auctions-Based Autonomous Cloud Service Negotiations|date=2019|work=Recent Trends in Data Science and Soft Computing|volume=843|pages=488–498|editor-last=Saeed|editor-first=Faisal|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-99007-1_46|isbn=978-3-319-99006-4|last2=Hassan|first2=Mohd Fadzil|last3=Aziz|first3=Izzatdin Abdul|last4=Rashid|first4=Nuraini Abdul|s2cid=169093081|editor2-last=Gazem|editor2-first=Nadhmi|editor3-last=Mohammed|editor3-first=Fathey|editor4-last=Busalim|editor4-first=Abdelsalam}}</ref><ref name="Adnan 622–626"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Business Level Objectives of Customer for Autonomous Cloud Service Negotiation|last1=Adnan|first1=Muhamad Hariz|last2=Hassan|first2=Mohd Fadzil|date=October 2018|journal=Advanced Science Letters|volume=24|issue=10|pages=7524–7528|language=en|doi=10.1166/asl.2018.12971|last3=Aziz|first3=Izzatdin Abd|s2cid=116247733}}</ref> In automated negotiation, the participants and process have to be modeled correctly.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Brendan|last2=Hult|first2=Henrik|last3=Reda|first3=Sherief|title=2008 Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference |chapter=Within-die process variations: How accurately can they be statistically modeled? |date=January 2008|pages=524–530|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/aspdac.2008.4484007|isbn=978-1-4244-1921-0|s2cid=12874929}}</ref> Recent negotiation embraces complexity.<ref>[https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-014116 Embracing Complexity: A Review of Negotiation Research], Erica J. Boothby, Gus Cooney, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 74, 2023, pp 299–332, 2023–01</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}