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Neolithic Europe
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{{Short description|Era of pre-history prior to copper & bronze ages in each region}} [[File:Expansion of farming in western Eurasia, 9600β4000 BCE.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of the spread of farming into Europe up to about 3800 BC]] [[File:Golemata Majka.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Female figure from [[Tumba MadΕΎari]], [[North Macedonia]]]] The '''European Neolithic''' is the period from the arrival of [[Neolithic]] (New Stone Age) technology and the associated population of [[Early European Farmers]] in [[Europe]], {{Circa|7000 BC}} (the approximate time of the first farming societies in [[Greece]]) until {{Circa|2000}}β1700 BC (the beginning of [[Bronze Age Europe]] with the [[Nordic Bronze Age]]). The Neolithic overlaps the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] periods in Europe as cultural changes moved from the southeast to northwest at about 1 km/year β this is called the [[Neolithic Expansion]].{{sfn|Ammerman|Cavalli-Sforza|1971}} The duration of the Neolithic varies from place to place, its end marked by the introduction of bronze tools: in [[southeast Europe]] it is approximately 4,000 years (i.e. 7000 BCβ3000 BC) while in parts of Northwest Europe it is just under 3,000 years ({{Circa|4500 BC}}β1700 BC). In parts of Europe, notably the Balkans, the period after {{Circa|5000 BC}} is known as the [[Chalcolithic Europe|Chalcolithic]] (Copper Age) due to the invention of [[copper smelting]] and the prevalence of copper tools, weapons and other artifacts. The spread of the Neolithic from the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] in the Near East to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of [[Radiocarbon dating|<sup>14</sup>C age determinations]] for early Neolithic sites had become available.<ref name="AS1"/> [[Ammerman]] and [[Cavalli-Sforza]] discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East ([[Jericho]]), thus demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr.<ref name="AS1"/> More recent studies confirm these results and yield a speed of 0.6β1.3 km/yr at a 95% confidence level.<ref name="AS1">Original text published under Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0: {{cite journal |last1=Shukurov |first1=Anvar |last2=Sarson |first2=Graeme R. |last3=Gangal |first3=Kavita |title=The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e95714 |date=2014 |language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095714 |pmid=24806472 |pmc=4012948 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...995714G |doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>
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