Editing Neurulation (section)

{{short description|Embryological process forming the neural tube}}
{{infobox anatomy
|Name = Neurulation
|Image = 2912_Neurulation-02.jpg
|Caption = Transverse sections that show the progression of the neural plate to the neural groove from bottom to top
|Width = 400
}}
'''Neurulation''' refers to the folding process in [[vertebrate]] [[embryo]]s, which includes the transformation of the [[neural plate]] into the [[neural tube]].<ref>Larsen WJ. Human Embryology. Third ed. 2001.P 86. {{ISBN|0-443-06583-7}}</ref> The embryo at this stage is termed the [[neurula]].

The process begins when the [[notochord]] induces the formation of the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) by signaling the ectoderm [[germ layer]] above it to form the thick and flat [[neural plate]]. The neural plate folds in upon itself to form the [[neural tube]], which will later differentiate into the [[spinal cord]] and the [[brain]], eventually forming the central nervous system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 14. Gastrulation and Neurulation|url=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap14/Chapter_14.html|website=biology.kenyon.edu|access-date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Computer simulations found that cell wedging and differential proliferation are sufficient for mammalian neurulation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Nielsen |first1 = Bjarke Frost |last2 = Nissen| first2 = Silas Boye| last3 = Sneppen| first3 = Kim | last4 = Mathiesen| first4 = Joachim | last5 = Trusina| first5 = Ala  |title=Model to Link Cell Shape and Polarity with Organogenesis |journal=iScience |date=February 21, 2020 |volume=23 |issue = 2 |pages=100830 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2020.100830|pmid = 31986479 | pmc=6994644 |bibcode = 2020iSci...23j0830N |doi-access = free }}</ref>

Different portions of the neural tube form by two different processes, called primary and secondary neurulation, in different species.<ref name=Principles>{{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Lewis |last2=Tickle |first2=Cheryll |last3=Arias |first3=Alfonso Martinez |title=Principles of development |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=9780198709886 |edition=Fifth|page=393}}</ref>
* In '''primary neurulation''', the neural plate creases inward until the edges come in contact and fuse.
* In '''secondary neurulation''', the tube forms by hollowing out of the interior of a solid precursor.