Editing Nevada Test Site (section)

{{Short description|US Department of Energy reservation in Nevada}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

{{Infobox military installation
| name                   = Nevada National Security Sites
| ensign                 = 
| ensign_size            = 
| native_name            = Nevada Test Site 
| partof                 = <!-- for elements within a larger site -->
| location               = [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]] in [[Nevada]] 
| nearest_town           = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada
| country                = [[United States]]
| image                  =Exercise Desert Rock I (Buster-Jangle Dog) 002.jpg
| alt                    = 
| caption                ={{small|A November 1951 nuclear test at Nevada Test Site, [[Operation Buster–Jangle]] "Dog". It had a yield of {{convert|21|ktonTNT}}, and was the first U.S. nuclear field exercise conducted with live troops maneuvering on land. Troops shown are {{convert|6|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} from the blast.}}
| image2                 = <!--secondary image, major command emblems for airfields -->
| alt2                   = 
| caption2               = 
| coordinates            =
{{coord|37|07|N|116|03|W|type:landmark_region:US-NV|display=inline,title}}
| gridref                = 
| type                   = Nuclear Weapons Research Complex
| image_map              = 
| image_mapsize          = 
| image_map_alt          = 
| image_map_caption      = 
| pushpin_map = United States
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_caption = Map showing location of the site
| pushpin_map_alt        = 
| pushpin_relief         = 
| pushpin_image          = 
| pushpin_label          = 
| pushpin_mark           = 
| pushpin_marksize       = 
| code                   = <!--facility/installation code -->
| site_area              = {{convert|1350|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| floor_area             = 
| height                 = 
| length                 = 
| ownership              = [[Government of the United States]]
| operator               = [[United States Department of Energy]]<!--- The site is privately managed and contracts are awarded by the NNSS. Many contractors have come and go.--->
| controlledby           = [[National Nuclear Security Administration]]
| open_to_public         = '''Yes'''<br>{{small|(Limited reservation and clearance is required)}}
| condition              = 
| site_other_label       =Defining authority  
| site_other             =[[United States Geological Survey]]<br>{{small|(For geography, ground waters, terrains and mapping)}}
| website                = 
| built                  = {{Start date|1951}}
| built_for              = 
| builder                = 
| architect              = 
| dates                  = 1951–Present
| materials              = 
| status                 = Active
| fate                   = <!--changed from demolished parameter-->
| demolished             = 
| battles                = 
| events                 = 
| current_commander      = <!-- current commander -->
| past_commanders        = <!-- past notable commander(s) -->
| garrison               = <!-- such as the 25th Bombardment Group -->
| occupants              = <!-- squadrons only -->
| designations           = 
| nrhp                   = 
| subcritical_tests   = 
| nuclear_tests       = 928
| thermonuclear_tests = 
| other_tests_label   = <!-- changed from "Other tests" to wording of your choice --> 
| other_tests         = 
| remediation         = 
| image3              = 
| alt3                = 
| caption3            = 
| footnotes              = <!-- catchall in case it's needed to preserve something in infobox that doesn't work in new code -->
}}

The '''Nevada National Security Sites''' ('''N2S2'''<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/nevada-test-site-north-of-las-vegas-gets-new-name-nevada-national-security-site-or-n2s2/| title=Nevada Test Site north of Las Vegas gets new name: Nevada National Security Site, or N2S2| website=[[Fox News]]| date=2015-03-20| access-date=July 27, 2017| archive-date=August 1, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801000912/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/08/23/nevada-test-site-north-las-vegas-gets-new-nevada-national-security-site-ns.html| url-status=live}}</ref> or '''NNSS'''), popularized as the '''Nevada Test Site''' ('''NTS''') until 2010,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nevada nuclear bomb site given new name |date=August 23, 2010 |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/08/23/Nevada-nuclear-bomb-site-given-new-name/UPI-39551282594195/ |access-date=August 23, 2010 |work=[[United Press International]] |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827144415/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/08/23/Nevada-nuclear-bomb-site-given-new-name/UPI-39551282594195 |url-status=live }}</ref> is a reservation of the [[United States Department of Energy]] located in the southeastern portion of [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]], Nevada, about {{cvt|65|mi|km}} northwest of the city of [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]].

Formerly known as the '''Nevada Proving Grounds''' of the [[United States Army]], the site was acquired in 1951 to be the testing venue for the American [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear devices]]. The first [[Operation Ranger|atmospheric test]] was conducted at the site's [[Frenchman Flat]] area by the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]] (USAEC) on January 27, 1951. About 928 [[Nuclear weapons testing|nuclear tests]] were conducted here through 1994, when the United States stopped its underground nuclear testing.

The site consists of about {{convert|1350|sqmi|abbr=on}} of desert and mountainous terrain. Some 1,100 buildings in 28 areas are connected by {{cvt|400|mi|km}} of paved roads, {{cvt|300|mi|km}} of unpaved roads, ten [[heliports]], and two airstrips. The site is [[Privately held company|privately]] managed and operated by Mission Support and Test Services LLC, a [[joint venture]] of [[Honeywell]], [[Jacobs Solutions|Jacobs]], and [[Huntington Ingalls Industries|Huntington Ingalls]], on behalf of the [[National Nuclear Security Administration]] (NNSA).<ref>{{cite web |title=NNSA Awards Nevada National Security Site Management & Operating Contract to Mission Support and Test Services, LLC |url=https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-awards-nevada-national-security-site-management-operating-0 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062643/https://www.energy.gov/nnsa/articles/nnsa-awards-nevada-national-security-site-management-operating-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Contracts |url=https://www.nnss.gov/pages/nfo/PrimeContracts/PrimeContracts.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=NNSS |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102065503/https://www.nnss.gov/pages/NFO/PrimeContracts/PrimeContracts.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[mushroom cloud]]s from the 100 atmospheric tests were visible from almost {{convert|100|mi|abbr=on}} away; they could be seen from the [[Las Vegas Strip]] in the early 1950s. Many iconic images at nuclear science museums throughout the United States come from the site.<ref>''The Nevada Test Site''. [[Emmet Gowin]]. Foreword by [[Robert Adams (photographer)|Robert Adams]]. Princeton and Oxford: [[Princeton University Press]], 2019, pp. 148, 157. (Publ. DOE/NV-209, 1993).</ref> [[Las Vegas]] experienced noticeable [[seismic]] effects. [[Westerlies|Westerly winds]] routinely carried the [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]] from atmospheric nuclear tests, increasing [[Nevada Test Site#Cancer and test site|cancer]] in [[Utah]] and elsewhere, according to a 1984 medical report.<ref name="jama1984">{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Carl|year=1984|title=Cancer Incidence in an Area of Radioactive Fallout Downwind From the Nevada Test Site|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|doi=10.1001/jama.1984.03340260034023|volume=251|issue=2|pages=230–6|pmid=6690781}}</ref><ref name="Falk, Jim 1982 p. 134">Falk, Jim (1982). ''Global Fission:The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', p. 134.</ref>

The site has hosted 536 [[Nevada Desert Experience|publicized]] and organized [[anti-nuclear protests]], with 37,488 participants and 15,740 involved in arrests, according to government records.<ref name="elynews.com">[http://www.elynews.com/articles/2007/07/18/news/news04.txt Western Shoshone spiritual leader dies]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=Balon Greyjoy |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>