Editing Noam Chomsky (section)

{{Short description|American linguist and activist (born 1928)}}
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{{Infobox academic
| name = Noam Chomsky
| image = Noam Chomsky portrait 2017 retouched.jpg
| alt = A photograph of Noam Chomsky
| caption = Chomsky in 2017
| birth_name = Avram Noam Chomsky
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1928|12|7}}
| birth_place = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| father = [[William Chomsky]]
| thesis_title = Transformational Analysis
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/89172813
| thesis_year = 1955
| doctoral_advisor = [[Zellig Harris]]
| doctoral_students = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | [[Gulsat Aygen|Gülşat Aygen]], [[Mark Baker (linguist)|Mark Baker]], [[Jonathan Bobaljik]], [[Joan Bresnan]], [[Peter Culicover]], [[Ray C. Dougherty]], [[Janet Dean Fodor]], [[John Goldsmith (linguist)|John Goldsmith]], [[C.-T. James Huang]], [[Sabine Iatridou]], [[Ray Jackendoff]], [[Edward Klima]], [[Jan Koster]], [[Jaklin Kornfilt]], [[S.-Y. Kuroda]], [[Howard Lasnik]], [[Robert Lees (linguist)|Robert Lees]], [[Alec Marantz]], [[Diane Massam]], [[James D. McCawley]], [[Jacques Mehler]], [[Andrea Moro]], [[Barbara Partee]], [[David M. Perlmutter|David Perlmutter]], [[David Pesetsky]], [[Tanya Reinhart]], [[John R. Ross]], [[Ivan Sag]], [[Edwin S. Williams]]}}
| known_for = 
| influences = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}}
   | <!-- LINGUISTIC & PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES -->
<!-- per the infobox documentation, each name must be explained in the article's prose and cite a third-party source; those that are not mentioned in the main text will be removed -->
{{collapsible list| title = Academic | [[J. L. Austin]], [[William Chomsky]], [[C. West Churchman]], [[René Descartes]], [[Galileo]],{{sfn|Chomsky|1991|p=50}} [[Nelson Goodman]], [[Morris Halle]], [[Zellig Harris]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], [[David Hume]],{{sfn|Sperlich|2006|pp=44–45}} [[Roman Jakobson]], [[Immanuel Kant]],{{sfn|Slife|1993|p=115}} [[George Armitage Miller]], [[Pāṇini]], [[Hilary Putnam]],{{sfn|Barsky|1997|p=58}} [[W.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;O. Quine]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Marcel-Paul Schützenberger]], [[Alan Turing]],{{sfn|Chomsky|1991|p=50}} [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]{{sfn|Antony|Hornstein|2003|p=295}}
   }}

<!-- SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCES -->
<!-- per the infobox documentation, each name must be explained in the article's prose and cite a third-party source; those that are not mentioned in the main text will be removed -->
{{collapsible list| title = Political | [[Mikhail Bakunin]], [[Alex Carey (writer)|Alex Carey]], [[William Chomsky]], [[John Dewey]],{{sfn|Chomsky|2016}} [[Zellig Harris]], [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]],{{sfn|Harbord|1994|p=487}} [[David Hume]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Karl Korsch]], [[Peter Kropotkin]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Karl Liebknecht]], [[Rosa Luxemburg]], [[John Locke]], [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Paul Mattick]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[John Stuart Mill]], [[George Orwell]], [[Anton Pannekoek]], [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]],{{sfn|Smith|2004|p=185}} [[Rudolf Rocker]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]],{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}} [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Diego Abad de Santillán]], [[Adam Smith]]{{sfn|Barsky|2007|p=107}}
   }}
 }}
| influenced = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}}
   | <!-- ACADEMIC INFLUENCEES -->
<!-- per the infobox documentation, each name must be explained in the article's prose and cite a third-party source; those that are not mentioned in the main text will be removed -->
{{collapsible list| title = In academia | [[John Backus]], [[Derek Bickerton]], [[Julian C. Boyd]], [[Daniel Dennett]],{{sfn|Amid the Philosophers}} [[Daniel Everett]], [[Jerry Fodor]], [[Gilbert Harman]], [[Marc Hauser]], [[Norbert Hornstein]], [[Niels Kaj Jerne]], [[Donald Knuth]], [[Georges J.&nbsp;F. Köhler]], [[Peter Ludlow]], [[Colin McGinn]],{{sfn|Persson|LaFollette|2013}} [[César Milstein]], [[Steven Pinker]],{{sfn|Prickett|2002|p=234}} [[John Searle]],{{sfn|Searle|1972}} [[Neil Smith (linguist)|Neil Smith]], [[Crispin Wright]]{{sfn|Amid the Philosophers}}
   }}

<!-- SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCEES -->
<!-- per the infobox documentation, each name must be explained in the article's prose and cite a third-party source; those that are not mentioned in the main text will be removed -->
{{collapsible list| title = In politics | [[Michael Albert]], [[Julian Assange]], [[Bono]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Jean Bricmont]], [[Hugo Chávez]], [[Zack de la Rocha]], [[Clinton Fernandes]], [[Norman Finkelstein]], [[Robert Fisk]], [[Amy Goodman]], [[Stephen Jay Gould]],{{sfn|Gould|1981}} [[Glenn Greenwald]], [[Christopher Hitchens]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Naomi Klein]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Kyle Kulinski]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/03/kyle-kulinski-bernie-bros-secular-talk-joe-rogan-youtube|title=Kyle Kulinski Speaks, the Bernie Bros Listen|access-date=February 9, 2022|archive-date=March 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305204651/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/03/kyle-kulinski-bernie-bros-secular-talk-joe-rogan-youtube|url-status=live}}</ref>
 [[Michael Moore]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[John Nichols (journalist)|John Nichols]], [[Ann Nocenti]],{{sfn|Keller|2007}} [[John Pilger]], [[Harold Pinter]],{{sfn|Adams|2003}} [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Edward Said]], [[Aaron Swartz]]{{sfn|Swartz|2006}}
   }}
 }}
| module              = {{Listen voice
  | filename    = Noam Chomsky on the Invisible Hand.wav
  | type        = interview
  | description = Noam Chomsky on ''[[invisible hand|the invisible hand]]''
  | recorded    = July 24, 2008
  }}

| signature = Noam Chomsky signature.svg
| website = {{URL|https://chomsky.info}}
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Carol Chomsky|Carol Schatz]]|1949| December 19, 2008|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Valeria Wasserman|2014}}
 }}
| children = 3, including [[Aviva Chomsky|Aviva]]
| discipline = [[Linguistics]], [[analytic philosophy]], [[cognitive science]], [[political criticism]]
| work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[University of Arizona]]
 }}
| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] {{awrap|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])}}
| awards = {{collapsible list| title = {{nbsp}} | {{indented plainlist|
* [[Guggenheim Fellowship]] (1971)
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1972)
* [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]] (1984)
* [[Orwell Award]] (1987, 1989)
* [[Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences]] (1988)
* [[Helmholtz Medal]] (1996)
* [[Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)|Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science]] (1999)
* [[Sydney Peace Prize]] (2011)
* [[Nuclear Age Peace Foundation]] (2014)
   }}
 }}
| school_tradition = [[Anarcho-syndicalism]], [[libertarian socialism]]
}}
{{Anarchism US}}
<!--Basic introduction; who he is-->
'''Avram Noam Chomsky'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|m|_|ˈ|tʃ|ɒ|m|s|k|i|audio=Noam Chomsky.ogg}} {{respell|nohm|_|CHOM|skee}}}} (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and [[public intellectual]] known for his work in [[linguistics]], political activism, and [[social criticism]]. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics",{{efn|name=father}} Chomsky is also a major figure in [[analytic philosophy]] and one of the founders of the field of [[cognitive science]]. He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the [[University of Arizona]] and an [[institute professor]] emeritus at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). Among the most cited living authors, Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, and politics. In addition to his work in linguistics, since the 1960s Chomsky has been an influential voice on the [[American Left|American left]] as a consistent critic of [[U.S. foreign policy]], [[Criticism of capitalism|contemporary capitalism]], and [[Corporate influence on politics in the United States|corporate influence]] on political institutions and the media.

<!--Early life up until 1966-->
Born to [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] immigrants in [[Philadelphia]], Chomsky developed an early interest in [[anarchism]] from alternative bookstores in New York City. He studied at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. During his postgraduate work in the [[Harvard Society of Fellows]], Chomsky developed the theory of [[transformational grammar]] for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as a significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'', which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a [[National Science Foundation]] fellow at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]]. He created or co-created the [[universal grammar]] theory, the [[generative grammar]] theory, the [[Chomsky hierarchy]], and the [[minimalist program]]. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic [[behaviorism]], and was particularly critical of the work of [[B. F. Skinner]].

<!--Later life post-1967-->
An outspoken [[opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War]], which he saw as an act of [[American imperialism]], in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] essay "[[The Responsibility of Intellectuals]]". Becoming associated with the [[New Left]], he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Master list of Nixon's political opponents|list of political opponents]]. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the [[linguistics wars]]. In collaboration with [[Edward S. Herman]], Chomsky later articulated the [[propaganda model]] of [[media criticism]] in ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'', and worked to expose the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]]. His defense of unconditional [[freedom of speech]], including that of [[Holocaust denial]], generated significant controversy in the [[Faurisson affair]] of the 1980s. Chomsky's commentary on the [[Cambodian genocide]] and the [[Bosnian genocide]] also generated controversy. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] and supporting the [[Occupy movement]]. An [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Zionist]], Chomsky considers [[Israel and apartheid|Israel's treatment of Palestinians]] to be worse than [[Apartheid in South Africa|South African–style apartheid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/8/8/noam_chomsky_what_israel_is_doing|title=Noam Chomsky: Israel's Actions in Palestine are "Much Worse Than Apartheid" in South Africa|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref> and criticizes U.S. support for Israel.

<!--Brief assessment of Chomsky's reception and legacy:-->
Chomsky is widely recognized as having helped to spark the [[cognitive revolution]] in the [[human sciences]], contributing to the development of a new [[Cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivistic]] framework for the study of language and the mind. Chomsky remains a leading critic of [[U.S. foreign policy]], contemporary [[capitalism]], U.S. involvement and Israel's role in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and [[Mass media in the United States|mass media]]. Chomsky and his ideas remain highly influential in the [[anti-capitalist]] and [[anti-imperialist]] movements.