Editing October Revolution (section)

{{Short description|Second of two 1917 revolutions in Russia}}
{{Redirect|Red October||Red October (disambiguation)|and|October Revolution (disambiguation)|and|November Revolution (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = October Revolution
| partof            = the [[Russian Revolution]] and the [[revolutions of 1917–1923]]
| image             = After the capture of the Winter Palace 26 October 1917.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = The [[Winter Palace]] of Petrograd, one day after the insurrection, 8 November
| date              = {{OldStyleDateNY|7 November 1917|25 October}}
| place             = [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], [[Russian Republic]]
| result            = {{ublist|Bolshevik victory}}
* End of [[dual power]]
* Dissolution of the [[Russian Provisional Government]]
* The [[Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets|Second Congress of Soviets]] proclaims itself as the supreme governing body of the country
* [[Kerensky–Krasnov uprising]] fails to retake the capital
* [[1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election]] held 
* Beginning of the [[Russian Civil War]]
| combatant1        = {{ubl
 | {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Bolsheviks]]
 | {{flagicon image|Калужская организация левых эсеров.svg}} [[Left Socialist-Revolutionaries]] 
 | {{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Anarchism in Russia#October Revolution|Anarchists]]
}}
| combatant2        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian Republic]]
| commander1        = {{ubl
 | [[Vladimir Lenin]]
 | [[Leon Trotsky]]
 | [[Lev Kamenev]]
 | [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko|Vladimir Ovseenko]]
 | [[Pavel Dybenko]]
 | [[Yakov Sverdlov]]
}}
| commander2        = {{ubl
 | [[Alexander Kerensky]]
 | [[Pyotr Krasnov]]
}}
| strength1         = {{ubli
| 10,000 Red sailors
| 20,000–30,000 Red Guard soldiers
| Unknown number of workers{{efn|50,000 workers passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the [[soviets]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Head |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYGNAgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PT83 |title=Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal |date=12 September 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1353-0787-5}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref>{{Sfn|Shukman|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PA21 21 The Workers: February–October 1917 ]}}}}
}}
| strength2         = {{ubli
| 500–1,000 volunteer soldiers
| 1,000 soldiers of the women's battalion
}}
| casualties1       = Few Red Guard soldiers wounded<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=Russian Revolution |url=https://www.history.com/topics/russia/russian-revolution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826013759/https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/russian-revolution |archive-date=26 August 2023 |website=HISTORY}}</ref>
| casualties2       = All imprisoned or deserted
}}
{{Campaignbox Russian Revolution}}
{{Campaignbox Russian Civil War}}
[[File:Red Guard Vulkan factory.jpg|thumb|[[Red Guards (Russia)|Red Guard]] unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917]]
[[File:Kustodiev The Bolshevik.jpg|thumb|''Bolshevik'' (1920) by [[Boris Kustodiev]]]]
[[File:Exterminists' Rise in Power in Russia.png|thumb|''[[The New York Times]]'' headline from 9 November 1917]]

The '''October Revolution''',{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Октябрьская революция|Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə|IPA}}.}} also known as the '''Great October Socialist Revolution'''{{Efn|{{langx|ru|Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция|Velikaya Oktyabrskaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya}}, {{IPA|ru|vʲɪˈlʲikəjə ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə|}}}} (in [[Historiography in the Soviet Union|Soviet historiography]]), '''October coup''',{{Sfn|Figes|1996|loc=[http://www.orlandofiges.info/section6_TheOctoberRevolution1917/LeninandtheOctoberCoup.php Section 6: The October Revolution 1917]}}<ref name="eb_trr">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Russian Revolution |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/The-Russian-Revolution}}</ref> '''Bolshevik coup''',<ref name=eb_trr/> or '''Bolshevik revolution''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Was the Bolshevik Revolution? |url=https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/gi-roundtable-series/pamphlets/em-46-our-russian-ally-(1945)/what-was-the-bolshevik-revolution |access-date=1 June 2024 |publisher=American Historical Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Russian Revolution, 1917 |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-russian-revolution-1917}}</ref> was the second of [[Russian Revolution|two revolutions]] in Russia in 1917. It was led by [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s [[Bolsheviks]] as part of the broader Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It began through an [[insurrection]] in Petrograd (now [[Saint Petersburg]]) on {{OldStyleDateNY|7 November 1917|25 October}}. It was the precipitating event of the [[Russian Civil War]]. The initial stage of the October Revolution, which involved the assault on Petrograd, occurred largely without any casualties.{{Sfn|Shukman|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA343 343]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergman |first=Jay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UKjDwAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA224 |title=The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1988-4270-5 |page=224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McMeekin |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXmZDgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PT155 |title=The Russian Revolution: A New History |date=30 May 2017 |publisher=Basic |isbn=978-0-4650-9497-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref>

The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the [[February Revolution]] earlier that year, which had led to the [[abdication of Nicholas II]] and the creation of the [[Russian Provisional Government]]. The provisional government, led by [[Alexander Kerensky]], had taken power after [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Michael]], the younger brother of Nicholas II, declined to take power. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils ([[soviet (council)|soviet]]s) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. The provisional government remained unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in [[World War I]], and had ruled with an iron fist throughout mid-1917 (including killing hundreds of protesters in the [[July Days]]). It declared the [[Russian Republic]] on 1 [N.S.&nbsp;14] September 1917.

The situation grew critical in late 1917 as the [[Directorate (Russia)|Directorate]], led by the left-wing [[Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (Russia)|Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries]] (SRs), controlled the government. The [[far-left]] Bolsheviks were deeply unhappy with the government, and began spreading calls for a military uprising. On 10 [N.S.&nbsp;23] October 1917, the [[Petrograd Soviet]], led by [[Leon Trotsky]], voted to back a military uprising. On 24 October [N.S.&nbsp;6&nbsp;November], the government closed numerous newspapers and closed Petrograd, attempting to forestall the revolution; minor armed skirmishes ensued. The next day, a full-scale uprising erupted as a fleet of Bolshevik sailors entered the harbor and tens of thousands of soldiers rose up in support of the Bolsheviks. Bolshevik [[Red Guard (Russia)|Red Guard]]s under the [[Military-Revolutionary Committee]] began to occupy government buildings. In the early morning of 26 October [N.S.&nbsp;8&nbsp;November], they captured the [[Winter Palace]] — the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia.

As the revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], which lasted until late 1922 and led to the creation of the [[Soviet Union]]. The historiography of the event has varied. The victorious Soviet Union viewed it as a validation of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|its ideology]] and the [[Communist revolution|triumph of the working class over capitalism]]. On the other hand, the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|western allies later intervened]] against the Bolsheviks in the civil war. The Revolution inspired many cultural works and ignited communist movements globally. [[October Revolution Day]] was a [[public holiday in the Soviet Union]], marking its key role in the state's founding, and many [[communist parties]] around the world still celebrate it.