Editing Omar al-Bashir (section)

{{Short description|President of Sudan from 1989 to 2019}}
{{Redirect|al-Bashir|other people with the name|Bashir (name)|other uses|Bashir (disambiguation){{!}}Bashir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name         = {{nobold|عمر البشير}}
| native_name_lang    = ar
| image               = Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-137 cropped.jpg
| caption             = Al-Bashir in 2009
| office              = 4th [[President of Sudan]]
| vicepresident       = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
|'''First Vice Presidents'''
|[[Zubair Mohamed Salih]]
|[[Ali Osman Taha]]
|[[John Garang]]
|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|[[Ali Osman Taha]]
|[[Bakri Hassan Saleh]]
|[[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf]]
|'''Second Vice Presidents'''
|[[George Kongor Arop]]
|[[Moses Kacoul Machar]]
|[[Ali Osman Taha]]
|[[Al-Haj Adam Youssef]]
|[[Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman|Hassabu Mohd. Abdalrahman]]
|[[Osman Mohamed Yousif Kibir]]
}}
| primeminister       = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
|[[Bakri Hassan Saleh]]
|[[Motazz Moussa]]
|[[Mohamed Tahir Ayala]]
}}
| term_start          = 16 October 1993
| term_end            = 11 April 2019
| predecessor         = ''Himself''<br/>(as Chairman of the RCC)
| successor           = [[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf]]<br/>(as Chairman of the [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitional Military Council]])
| office1             = Chairman of the [[Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation]]
| termstart1          = 30 June 1989
| termend1            = 16 October 1993
| predecessor1        = [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]] (as&nbsp;President)
| successor1          = ''Himself'' (as President)
| deputy1             = [[Zubair Mohamed Salih]]
| birth_name          = {{nobr|Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|1|1}}
| birth_place         = [[Hosh Bannaga]],<br/>[[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[National Congress Party (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] (1992{{nbnd}}2019)
| spouse              = {{ubl|Fatima Khalid|Widad Babiker Omer}}
| alma_mater          = [[Egyptian Military College]]
| allegiance          = {{flagu|Sudan}}
| branch              = {{Flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Sudanese Army]]
| branch_label        = Branch
| serviceyears        = 1960–2019
| serviceyears_label  = Service&nbsp;years
| rank                = [[File:Sudan Army - OF10.svg|20px]] [[Field Marshal]]
| battles             = {{plainlist|
*[[First Sudanese Civil War]]
*[[Yom Kippur War]]
*[[First Congo War]]
*[[Second Sudanese Civil War]]
*[[War in Darfur]]
*[[Heglig Crisis]]}}
| battles_label       = Conflicts
| module              = {{Infobox |child=yes |headerstyle=background:lavender;
| header1             = Criminal details
{{Infobox criminal|child=yes
 |conviction   = [[Money laundering]] <br/> [[Corruption]]
 |victims      = 
 |criminal_status = Claimed by [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] 
 |penalty      = Two years in prison
 |imprisoned   = Incarcerated at the [[Kobar Prison]], [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]]
 |apprehended  = 17 April 2019
}}}}
}}
{{Omar al-Bashir sidebar}}
'''Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|عمر حسن أحمد البشير|ʿUmar Ḥasan ʾAḥmad al-Bashīr}}, pronounced {{IPA|ar|ba'ʃiːr|}};<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudan's Omar Al-Bashir attends Mid-East's Largest Arms Fair|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mdGRXwlTeU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/9mdGRXwlTeU| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|date=1 March 2015|work=BBC News|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} (born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as [[Head of state of Sudan|Sudan's head of state]] under various titles from 1989 until 2019, when he was deposed in [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|a coup d'état]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47852496|title=Sudan coup: Why Omar al-Bashir was overthrown|date=15 April 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104002907/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47852496|url-status=live}}</ref> He was subsequently incarcerated, tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/omar-al-bashir-trial-justice-delivered-190823182515842.html|title=Omar al-Bashir on trial: Will justice be delivered?|work=Al Jazeera|first=Linah|last=Alsaafin|date=24 August 2019|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124192936/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/24/omar-al-bashir-on-trial-will-justice-be-delivered|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Omar al-Bashir: Sudan ex-leader sentenced for corruption |date=14 December 2019 |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50794096 |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214225022/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50794096 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Al-Bashir came to power in 1989 when, as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Sudanese Army]], he led a group of officers in [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|a military coup]] that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] after it began negotiations with rebels in the south; he subsequently replaced President [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]] as head of state.<ref name=reuters-factbox>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL1435274220080714|title=FACTBOX – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=16 July 2008|date=14 July 2008|archive-date=2 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202132147/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKL1435274220080714|url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for [[electoral fraud]].<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8645661.stm|title=Dream election result for Sudan's President Bashir|work=BBC News|date=27 April 2010|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225223024/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8645661.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, al-Bashir founded the [[National Congress Party (Sudan)|National Congress Party]], which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-latest-updates#h_273cb018352361935737f51e56875bec|title=Sudan's government has been dissolved|author1=Eliza Mackintosh|author2=James Griffiths|date=11 April 2019|website=CNN|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713162003/https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-latest-updates/h_273cb018352361935737f51e56875bec|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be [[International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur#Omar al-Bashir|indicted by the International Criminal Court]] (ICC), for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide-in-sudan.htm|title=Genocide in Darfur|work=United Human Rights Council|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225223027/http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide-in-sudan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 February 2020, the [[Government of Sudan]] announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] for trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/c6698024bdd7f1cade89b9b4101d25c1|title=Official: Sudan to hand over al-Bashir for genocide trial|work=AP News|first=Samy|last=Magdy|date=11 February 2020|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212090956/https://apnews.com/c6698024bdd7f1cade89b9b4101d25c1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2005, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]],<ref name="South Sudan profile">{{cite news|title=South Sudan profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019202|work=BBC News|date=5 July 2011|access-date=14 March 2013|archive-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307201416/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019202|url-status=live}}</ref> leading to a referendum in the south, resulting in the separation of the south as the country of [[South Sudan]]. In the Darfur region, he oversaw the [[War in Darfur]] that resulted in death tolls of around 10,000 according to the Sudanese Government,<ref name=disputed>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna23848444|title=Death toll disputed in Darfur|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=28 March 2008|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020200514/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23848444/ns/world_news-africa/t/death-toll-disputed-darfur|url-status=live}}</ref> but most sources suggest between 200,000<ref name="conflict1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm|work=BBC News|title=Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict|date=23 February 2010|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=14 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414191135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and 400,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|title=Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=2 November 2021|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html|title=Darfur peace talks to resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU|work=People's Daily Online|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=30 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130024056/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad|date=11 April 2007|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516113135/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During his presidency, there were several violent struggles between the [[Janjaweed]] militia and rebel groups such as the [[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army|Sudanese Liberation Army]] (SLA) and the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] (JEM) in the form of [[guerrilla warfare]] in the Darfur region. The civil war displaced<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/15/AR2006101500655.html|title=AUF Ineffective, Complain Refugees in Darfur|access-date=4 March 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 October 2006|author=Alfred de Montesquiou|author-link=Alfred de Montesquiou|archive-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516113104/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/15/AR2006101500655.html|url-status=live}}</ref> over {{Nowrap|2.5 million people}} out of a total population of 6.2&nbsp;million in Darfur<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sudan_darfuroverview.html Darfur – overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411135329/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sudan_darfuroverview.html |date=11 April 2019 }}, unicef.org.</ref> and created a crisis in [[Chad–Sudan relations|the diplomatic relations]] between [[Sudan]] and [[Chad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394422.stm|work=BBC News|title=Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack|date=11 May 2008|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930114917/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394422.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The rebels in Darfur lost the support from [[Libya]] after the death of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and the collapse of his regime in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Copnall|first=James|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15471734|title=Sudan armed Libyan rebels, says President Bashir|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2011|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416055748/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15471734|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|agency=Reuters|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/libya-leader-thanks-sudan-for-weapons-that-helped-former-rebels-oust-gadhafi-1.397764|title=Libya leader thanks Sudan for weapons that helped former rebels oust Gadhafi|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=26 November 2011|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120124544/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/libya-leader-thanks-sudan-for-weapons-that-helped-former-rebels-oust-gadhafi-1.397764|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html|title= Sudan: Country Studies|publisher= Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]|date= 22 March 2011|access-date= 30 October 2013|archive-date= 30 June 2012|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120630181108/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

In July 2008, the prosecutor of the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC), [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]], accused al-Bashir of [[genocide]], [[crimes against humanity]], and [[war crime]]s in Darfur.<ref name=ocampo>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20(2008)|title=ICC Prosecutor presents case against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad AL BASHIR, for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur|access-date=14 March 2009|author=International Criminal Court|author-link=International Criminal Court|date=14 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825232557/http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/press%20releases%20%282008%29/a|archive-date=25 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The court issued an [[arrest warrant]] for al-Bashir on {{Nowrap|4 March}} 2009 on counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.<ref name=ICC-warrant/><ref name=BBC1>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=4 March 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm|title=Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir|access-date=4 March 2009|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109130542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 12 July 2010, the court issued a second warrant containing three separate counts of genocide. The new warrant, like the first, was delivered to the [[Politics of Sudan|Sudanese government]], which did not recognize either the warrant or the ICC.<ref name=BBC1/> The indictments did not allege that Bashir personally took part in such activities; instead, they said that he was "suspected of being criminally responsible, as an indirect co-perpetrator".<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news|author=Simon Tisdall|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/20/omar-al-bashir-sudan-darfur|title=Omar al-Bashir: genocidal mastermind or bringer of peace?|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 April 2011|access-date=3 November 2013|author-link=Simon Tisdall|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104194606/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/20/omar-al-bashir-sudan-darfur|url-status=live}}</ref> The court's decision was opposed by the [[African Union]], [[Arab League]] and [[Non-Aligned Movement]] as well as the governments of Libya, [[Somalia]], [[Jordan]], [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], South Sudan, [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Pakistan]], [[Algeria]], [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Palestine]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]], [[Lebanon]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/542156/-/item/1/-/io2xh7/-/index.html|title=After Bashir warrant, Sudan united in protest|author=HENRY OWUOR in Khartoum|date=5 March 2009|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313202453/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/542156/-/item/1/-/io2xh7/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34665.pdf|title=International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230060952/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34665.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

From December 2018 onwards, al-Bashir faced [[Sudanese Revolution|large-scale protests]] which demanded his removal from power. On 11 April 2019, Bashir was [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|ousted]] in a military coup d'état.<ref name="ThReut_BashirResigns_11April2019">{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz|first1=Khalid |first2=Ali |last2=Abdelaty |first3=Mohamed |last3=El Sherif |first4=Yousef |last4=Saba |first5=Michelle |last5=Nichols |first6=Sami |last6=Aboudi |first7=Aidan |last7=Lewis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics/sudans-bashir-forced-to-step-down-sources-say-idUSKCN1RN0AY|title=Sudan's Bashir Forced to Step Down|date=11 April 2019|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204025/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics/sudans-bashir-forced-to-step-down-sources-say-idUSKCN1RN0AY|archive-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Mai |last2=Kodouda |first2=Ahmed |date=11 October 2019 |title=Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/sudans-uprising-the-fall-of-a-dictator/ |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1353/jod.2019.0071 |issn=1086-3214 |doi-access=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In September 2019, Bashir was replaced by the [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitionary Military Council]] which transferred executive power to a mixed civilian–military [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] and a civilian prime minister, [[Abdalla Hamdok]]. Two months later, the [[Forces of Freedom and Change]] alliance (which holds indirect political power during the [[2019 Sudanese transition to democracy|39-month Sudanese transition to democracy]]), Hamdok, and Sovereignty Council member [[Siddiq Tawer]] stated that Bashir would be eventually transferred to the ICC. He was convicted of corruption in December of that year and sentenced to two years in prison.<ref name="Dabanga_FCC_Bashir2ICC" /><ref name="SudTrib_Hamdok_Bashir2ICC" /><ref name="SudTrib_Tawer_Bashir_handover" /> His trial regarding his role in the coup that brought him into power started on 21 July 2020.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53474152|title=Sudan's ex-President Bashir on trial for 1989 coup|work=BBC News|date=21 July 2020|access-date=28 July 2020|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201175119/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53474152|url-status=live}}</ref>