Editing Osiris (section)

{{short description|Ancient Egyptian god of the afterlife}}
{{other uses}}
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{{Infobox deity
| type = Egyptian
| name = Osiris
| image = Standing Osiris.svg
| alt = 
| caption = Osiris, lord of the dead and of rebirth. His green skin symbolizes rebirth.
| hiero = <hiero>Q1:D4-A40</hiero>
| cult_center = [[Busiris (Lower Egypt)|Busiris]], [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]]
| symbol = [[Crook and flail]], [[Atef crown]], [[ostrich]] feathers, fish, mummy gauze, [[djed]]
| parents = [[Geb]] and [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]];<br/>[[Ipy (goddess)|Ipy]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hart|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZPAREkaS2oC&q=Ipy+goddess&pg=PA100|title=A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses|date=2006-04-21|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-93012-8|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>
| siblings = [[Isis]], [[Set (deity)|Set]], [[Nephthys]], [[Horus the Elder|Heru-ur]]
| consort = [[Isis]]
| offspring = [[Horus]], [[Anubis]] {{small|(in some accounts)}}
}}
'''Osiris''' ({{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|s|aɪ|r|ᵻ|s}}, from Egyptian ''[[wikt:wsjr|wsjr]]''){{efn|{{langx|cop|ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ}} {{Transliteration|cop|ousire}}, {{IPA|cop|uˈsiræ|Late Coptic}}; [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]: 𐤀𐤎𐤓,<ref>[[Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften|KAI]] 31, 47 ([[Cippi of Melqart]]), 48 ([[Banobal stele]]), 91; [[RÉS]] 367, 504</ref> <small>romanized:</small> ʾsr)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corpling.uis.georgetown.edu/coptic-dictionary/entry.cgi?entry=4444&super=1727 |title=Coptic Dictionary Online|website=corpling.uis.georgetown.edu |access-date=2017-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC&q=middle%20egyptian&pg=PP1|title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |last=Allen|first=James P.|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139486354|language=en}}</ref>}} was the [[ancient Egyptian deities|god]] of [[fertility]], agriculture, the [[Ancient Egyptian religion#Afterlife|afterlife]], the dead, [[resurrection]], life, and vegetation in [[ancient Egyptian religion]]. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a [[Pharaoh|pharaoh's]] beard, partially [[mummy]]-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive [[atef]] crown and holding a symbolic [[crook and flail]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/osiriscu.htm|title=Egyptian Mythology - Osiris Cult|website=touregypt.net|language=ru|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother [[Set (deity)|Set]] cut him to pieces after killing him, with her sister [[Nephthys]], Osiris' sister-wife, [[Isis]], searched Egypt to find each part of Osiris. She collected all but one – Osiris’s genitalia. She then wrapped his body up, enabling him to return to life. Osiris was widely worshipped until the [[decline of ancient Egyptian religion]] during the [[Christianization of the Roman Empire|rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1912-07-01 |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodosius I |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14577d.htm |access-date=2012-05-01 |website=Newadvent.org}}</ref><ref>"History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian", ''The Suppression of Paganism'' – ch22, p.&nbsp;371, John Bagnell Bury, [[Courier Dover Publications]], 1958, {{ISBN|0-486-20399-9}}</ref>

Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the earth god [[Geb]]<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Richard H. |title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/105 105] |isbn=978-0-500-05120-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/105 }}</ref> and the sky goddess [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], as well as brother and husband of [[Isis]], and brother of [[Set (deity)|Set]], [[Nephthys]], and [[Horus#Heru-ur (Horus the Elder)|Horus the Elder]], with [[Horus|Horus the Younger]] being considered his posthumously begotten son.<ref name="Wilkinson" /><ref>Kane Chronicles</ref> Through [[syncretism]] with [[Iah]], he was also a god of the [[Moon]].<ref>Quirke, S.; Spencer,  A. J. (1992). ''The British Museum Book of Ancient Egypt''. London: The British Museum Press.</ref>

Osiris was the judge and lord of the dead and the [[Duat|underworld]], the "Lord of Silence"<ref>"The Burden of Egypt", J. A. Wilson, p.&nbsp;302, [[University of Chicago Press]], 4th imp 1963</ref> and [[Khenti-Amentiu]], meaning "Foremost of the Westerners".<ref>Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (1998). ''How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs'', British Museum Press, p. 41, {{ISBN|0-7141-1910-5}}</ref> In the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom]] (2686–2181 BC) the pharaoh was considered a son of the sun god [[Ra]] who, after his death, ascended to join Ra in the sky. After the spread of the Osiris cult, however, the kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death – as Osiris rose from the dead, they would unite with him and inherit eternal life through imitative magic.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"Man, Myth and Magic", Osiris, vol. 5, pp.&nbsp;2087–2088, S.G.F. Brandon, BPC Publishing, 1971.</ref> Through the [[Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs|hope of new life after death]], Osiris began to be associated with the cycles in nature, in particular the sprouting of vegetation and annual flooding of the [[Nile River]], as well as the [[heliacal rising]] of [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] and [[Sirius]] at the start of the new year.<ref name="oxford" /> He became the sovereign that granted all life, "He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful".<ref name="oxford" />

The first evidence of the worship of Osiris is from the middle of the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt]] (25th century BC), though it is likely he was worshiped much earlier;<ref>Griffiths, John Gwyn (1980). ''The Origins of Osiris and His Cult''. Brill. p. 44</ref> the Khenti-Amentiu epithet dates to at least the [[First Dynasty of Egypt|First Dynasty]], and was used as a pharaonic title. Most information available on the [[Osiris myth]] is derived from allusions in the [[Pyramid Texts]] at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] source documents such as the [[Shabaka Stone]] and "[[The Contendings of Horus and Seth]]", and much later, in the narratives of Greek authors including [[Plutarch]]<ref>"Isis and Osiris", [[Plutarch]], translated by Frank Cole Babbitt, 1936, vol. 5 [[Loeb Classical Library]]. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/home.html Penelope.uchicago.edu]</ref> and [[Diodorus Siculus]].<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=agd-eLVNRMMC The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus]", vol. 1, translated by G. Booth, 1814.</ref> Some Egyptologists believe the Osiris mythos may have originated in a former living ruler — possibly a shepherd who lived in [[Prehistoric Egypt|Predynastic times]] (5500–3100 BC) in the [[Nile Delta]], whose beneficial rule led to him being revered as a god. The accoutrements of the shepherd, the crook and the flail – once insignia of the Delta god [[Andjety]], with whom Osiris was associated – support this theory.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Strudwick|first=Helen|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4351-4654-9|location=New York|pages=118–119}}</ref>
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