Editing Pakistan Movement (section)

{{Short description|Muslim political movement in British India}}{{EngvarB|date = November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Redirect-multi|Establishment of Pakistan|Establishment of Pakistan|the military term|Establishment (Pakistan)}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Pakistan Movement
| image = {{Photomontage 
| photo1a =  Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg    
| photo2a =  1946 Map of British India with areas demanded for separate Pakistan by Muslim League.jpg
}}
| caption = '''Top to bottom:'''<br />Muslim League leaders at a dinner party in 1940 during its three-day general session in which the [[Lahore Resolution]], the formal political statement which advocated for the creation of Pakistan, was passed. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the widely recognized  father of Pakistan, is seen seated in the fifth seat from the left.<br />1946 map by [[Columbia University]] depicting British India and the dark-shaded provinces of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936-1955)|Sind]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], the [[Northwest Frontier Province]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and [[Assam Province|Assam]], which were demanded by the Muslim League to be a part of a sovereign Pakistan.
| date = 1940 {{ndash}} 14 August 1947
| place = [[British Raj]]
| causes = {{hlist|[[Violence against Muslims in independent India|Anti-Muslim violence]]|[[Decolonization|Anti-colonialism]]||[[income inequality in India|socioeconomic inequality]]}}
| methods = {{hlist|[[Nonviolence]]|[[nonviolent resistance]]|[[civil disobedience]]}}
| result = * [[Partition of India]]
** [[Dominion of Pakistan]] created on 14 August 1947
| notes = 
}}The '''Pakistan Movement'''{{efn|{{ubl|{{langx|bn|পাকিস্তান আন্দোলন|Pākistān āndōlan}}|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|پاکستان تحریک}}|Pakastān tahrīk}}|{{langx|ur|{{nq|تحریک پاکستان}}|Tehrīk-ē-Pākistān}}|{{langx|ps|د پاکستان تحریک|Dà Pākistān tahrīk}}|{{langx|sd|{{Naskh|پاڪستان تحريڪ}}|Pākastān tahrīk}}|{{langx|bal|پاکستان تحریک|Pákastán tahrīk}}}}}} was a religiopolitical and social movement that emerged in the early 20th century as part of a campaign that advocated the creation of an [[Islamic state]] in parts of what was then [[British Raj]]. It was rooted in the [[two-nation theory]], which asserted that [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims from the subcontinent]] were fundamentally and irreconcilably distinct from [[Hinduism in South Asia|Hindus of the subcontinent]] (who formed the demographic majority) and would therefore require separate self-determination upon the [[Colonial India|Decolonisation of the subcontinent]]. The idea was largely realized when the [[All-India Muslim League]] ratified the [[Lahore Resolution]] on 23 March 1940, calling for the Muslim-majority regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] to be "grouped to constitute independent states" that would be "autonomous and sovereign" with the aim of securing Muslim socio-political interests vis-à-vis the Hindu majority. It was in the aftermath of the Lahore Resolution that, under the aegis of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the cause of "Pakistan" (though the name was not used in the text itself) became widely popular among the Muslims of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Magocsi |first1=Paul R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1028 |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples |last2=Ontario Multicultural History Society of |publisher=Multicultural History Society of Ontario |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6 |page=1028 |access-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114046/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1028 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Instrumental in establishing a base for the Pakistan Movement was the [[Aligarh Movement]], which consisted of several reforms by [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] that ultimately promoted a system of [[Western world|Western]]-style scientific education among the subcontinent's Muslims, seeking to enrich and vitalize their society, culture, and religious thought as well as protect it. Khan's efforts fostered [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]] and went on to provide both the Pakistan Movement and the nascent country that it would yield with its ruling elite.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |title=Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood |publisher=Westview Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8133-3621-3 |edition=3rd |location=Boulder, CO |page=4 |quote=The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory' |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |orig-year=First published in 1986}}</ref> 

Several prominent [[List of Urdu poets|Urdu poets]], such as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], used speech, literature, and poetry as a powerful tool for Muslim political awareness;<ref name="University of Massachusetts Press">{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Faiz Ahmed Faiz |title=The rebel's silhouette : selected poems |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |others=Translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-87023-975-5 |edition=Rev. |location=Amherst}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Modernist Islam, 1840–1940 a sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-515468-9 |editor-last=Kurzman |editor-first=Charles |edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> Iqbal is often called the spiritual father of Muslim nationalist thought in his era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Rashida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSluAAAAMAAJ |title=Iqbal: The Spiritual Father of Pakistan |date=2003 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1371-4 |language=en}}</ref> The role of India's ''[[ulama]]'', however, was divided into two groups: the first group, denoted by the ideals of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], was convinced by the concept of [[composite nationalism]], which argued against religious nationalism on the basis of India's historic identity as a nation of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity; while the second group, denoted by the ideals of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], was a proponent of the perceived uniqueness of the Muslim way of life and accordingly played a significant role in the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sargana |first1=Turab-ul-Hassan |last2=Ahmed |first2=Khalil |last3=Rizvi |first3=Shahid Hassan |date=2015 |title=The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924) |url=https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/vol15/eng3.pdf |journal=Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=44 |eissn=2618-0820 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104093916/https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/vol15/eng3.pdf |url-status=dead }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is [https://pjir.bzu.edu.pk/website/page/copyrights-license-policy available] under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Likewise, a number of Indian Muslim political parties were split over their support, or lack thereof, for an independent Muslim state. Among the most prominent of these parties was [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], which was [[Opposition to the Partition of India|opposed to Muslim separatism]], and from which a pro-separatist group of Islamic scholars, led by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], founded the breakaway [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] to support the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam / Assembly of Islamic Clergy |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/jui.htm |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Muhammad Naveed |date=2022 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations |url=https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |journal=Hamdard Islamicus |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=92 |doi=10.57144/hi.v45i3.326 |issn=0250-7196 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

The ultimate objective of the Pakistan Movement, led by the All-India Muslim League, was achieved with the [[partition of India|partition of the subcontinent]] on 14 August 1947, when the [[Radcliffe Line]] officially demarcated the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] over two non-contiguous swaths of territory, which would later be organized as [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Pakistan]], with the former comprising [[East Bengal]] and the latter comprising [[West Punjab]] and [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] and inheriting British Raj's borders with [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Muslims Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Allah Bakhsh and Other Patriotic Muslims |date=2015 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7221-067-0}}</ref> In 1971, however, the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] resulted in the dissolution of East Pakistan, which seceded from West Pakistan to become present-day [[Bangladesh]].