Editing Palladian architecture (section)

{{Short description|Style of architecture derived from the Venetian Andrea Palladio}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Andrea palladio fourth book image.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladio's ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'', in an English translation published in London, 1736|alt=See caption]]
[[File:PalladioRotondaPlan.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Plan for Palladio's [[Villa La Rotonda]] ({{circa|1565}}) – features of the house were incorporated in numerous Palladian-style houses throughout Europe over the following centuries.|alt=Top: Villa La Rotonda, with the left half showing the exterior of the building, and the right half showing the interior. Bottom: a floor plan of Villa La Rotonda]]

'''Palladian architecture''' is a European [[architectural style]] derived from the work of the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] architect [[Andrea Palladio]] (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of [[symmetry]], [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] and the principles of formal [[classical architecture]] from [[Classical Greece|ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] traditions. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture developed into the style known as Palladianism.

Palladianism emerged in England in the early 17th century, led by [[Inigo Jones]], whose [[Queen's House]] at [[Greenwich]] has been described as the first English Palladian building. Its development faltered at the onset of the [[English Civil War]]. After the [[Stuart Restoration]], the architectural landscape was dominated by the more flamboyant [[English Baroque]]. Palladianism returned to fashion after a reaction against the Baroque in the early 18th century, fuelled by the publication of a number of architectural books, including Palladio's own ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'') and [[Colen Campbell]]'s ''[[Vitruvius Britannicus]]''. Campbell's book included illustrations of [[Wanstead House]], a building he designed on the outskirts of London and one of the largest and most influential of the early neo-Palladian houses. The movement's resurgence was championed by [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington]], whose buildings for himself, such as [[Chiswick House]] and [[Burlington House]], became celebrated. Burlington sponsored the career of the artist, architect and landscaper [[William Kent]], and their joint creation, [[Holkham Hall]] in [[Norfolk]], has been described as "the most splendid Palladian house in England".{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=409}} By the middle of the century Palladianism had become almost the national architectural style, epitomised by Kent's [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]] at the centre of the nation's capital.

The Palladian style was also widely used throughout Europe, often in response to English influences. In [[Prussia]] the critic and courtier [[Francesco Algarotti]] corresponded with Burlington about his efforts to persuade [[Frederick the Great]] of the merits of the style, while [[Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff|Knobelsdorff]]'s [[Berlin State Opera|opera house in Berlin]] on the [[Unter den Linden]], begun in 1741, was based on Campbell's Wanstead House. Later in the century, when the style was losing favour in Europe, Palladianism had a surge in popularity throughout the [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonies in North America]]. [[Thomas Jefferson]] sought out Palladian examples, which themselves drew on buildings from the time of the [[Roman Republic]], to develop a new architectural style for the [[Republicanism in the United States|American Republic]]. Examples include the [[Hammond–Harwood House]] in [[Maryland]] and Jefferson's own house, [[Monticello]], in [[Virginia]]. The Palladian style was also adopted in other British colonies, including those in the [[Indian subcontinent]].

In the 19th century, Palladianism was overtaken in popularity by [[Neoclassical architecture]] in both Europe and in North America. By the middle of that century, both were challenged and then superseded by the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] in the English-speaking world, whose champions such as [[Augustus Pugin]], remembering the origins of Palladianism in ancient temples, deemed the style too pagan for true [[Christian worship]]. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Palladianism has continued to evolve as an architectural style; its [[pediment]]s, symmetry and [[Proportion (architecture)|proportions]] are evident in the design of many modern buildings, while its inspirer is regularly cited as having been among the world's most influential architects.