Editing Paratuberculosis (section)

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| pronounce       = Johne's disease: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|oʊ|n|ə}}
| field           = [[Veterinary medicine]]
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'''Paratuberculosis''' is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal [[infection]] that primarily affects the [[small intestine]] of [[ruminant]]s.<ref name="bcrcj">{{cite web |last1=Hendrick |first1=Steve |last2=Waldner |first2=Cheryl |title=HOME» RESEARCH » JOHNE'S DISEASE |url=https://www.beefresearch.ca/research-topic.cfm/johnes-disease-51 |publisher=Beef Cattle Research Council |date=2 October 2019}}</ref>  It is caused by the [[bacterium]] [[Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis|''Mycobacterium avium'' subspecies ''paratuberculosis'']].  Infections normally affect [[ruminant]]s ([[mammal]]s that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the [[rumen]] is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally. Paratuberculosis is found worldwide, with some states in [[Australia]] (where it is usually called bovine [[Heinrich Albert Johne|Johne's disease]] or BJD) being the only areas proven to be free of the disease.<ref>Collins M. and Manning E. "Johne's Information Center" The University of Wisconsin-School of Veterinary Medicine. 13 March 2003.</ref> At least in Canada, the signs of BJD usually start when cattle are four to seven years of age, and then usually only are diagnosed in one animal at a time.<ref name="ccaj">{{cite news |last1=Furber |first1=Debbie |title=When Johne's hits home |url=https://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/features/when-johnes-hits-home/ |publisher=Canadian Cattlemen The Beef Magazine |date=16 December 2016}}</ref> Cattle "with signs of Johne’s disease shed billions of bacteria through their manure and serve as a major source of infection for future calves."<ref name="jded">{{cite news |last1=Hendrick |first1=Steve |title=Johne's Disease And The Ethical Dilemma |url=http://beefresearch.ln2.mdphosting.ca/blog/johnes-disease-and-the-ethical-dilemma/ |publisher=Beef Cattle Research Council |date=19 March 2013}}</ref>

Some sources define "paratuberculosis" by the lack of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', rather than the presence of any specific infectious agent,<ref>{{DorlandsDict|six/000078685|paratuberculosis}}</ref> leaving ambiguous the appropriateness of the term to describe [[Buruli ulcer]] or [[Lady Windermere syndrome]].