Editing Paraventricular nucleus (section)

{{Short description|Hypothalamic nucleus}}
{{Distinguish|periventricular nucleus|paraventricular thalamus}}
{{Infobox brain
|  Name            = Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
|  Latin           = nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami
|  Image           = PVNss.jpg
|  Caption         = Human paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in this coronal section is indicated by the shaded area. Dots represent [[vasopressin]] (AVP) neurons (also seen in the [[supraoptic nucleus]], SON). The medial surface is the 3rd ventricle (3V).
|  Image2          = Mouse_Paraventricular_Hypothalamus.pdf
|  Caption2        = The paraventricular hypothalamus of the mouse brain
|  IsPartOf        =
|  Components      =
|  Artery          =
|  Vein            =
|  Acronym         =
}}

The '''paraventricular nucleus''' ('''PVN''') is a [[nucleus (neuroanatomy)|nucleus]] in the [[hypothalamus]], located next to the [[third ventricle]]. Many of its [[neuron]]s project to the [[posterior pituitary]] where they secrete [[oxytocin]], and a smaller amount of [[vasopressin]].  Other secretions are [[corticotropin-releasing hormone]] (CRH) and [[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] (TRH).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferguson AV, Latchford KJ, Samson WK | title = The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus - a potential target for integrative treatment of autonomic dysfunction | journal = Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 717–27 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18479218 | pmc = 2682920 | doi = 10.1517/14728222.12.6.717 }}</ref> CRH and TRH are secreted into the [[hypophyseal portal system]], and target different neurons in the [[anterior pituitary]]. Dysfunctions of the PVN can cause [[hypersomnia]] in mice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chang-Rui |last2=Zhong |first2=Yu-Heng |last3=Jiang |first3=Shan |last4=Xu |first4=Wei |last5=Xiao |first5=Lei |last6=Wang |first6=Zan |last7=Qu |first7=Wei-Min |last8=Huang |first8=Zhi-Li |date=2021-11-17 |editor-last=Elmquist |editor-first=Joel K |editor2-last=Wong |editor2-first=Ma-Li |editor3-last=Lazarus |editor3-first=Michael |title=Dysfunctions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus induce hypersomnia in mice |journal=eLife |volume=10 |pages=e69909 |doi=10.7554/eLife.69909 |doi-access=free |pmid=34787078 |pmc=8631797 |issn=2050-084X}}</ref> In humans, the dysfunction of the PVN and the other nuclei around it can lead to [[Somnolence|drowsiness]] for up to 20 hours per day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zan |last2=Zhong |first2=Yu-Heng |last3=Jiang |first3=Shan |last4=Qu |first4=Wei-Min |last5=Huang |first5=Zhi-Li |last6=Chen |first6=Chang-Rui |date=2022-03-14 |title=Case Report: Dysfunction of the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus Area Induces Hypersomnia in Patients |journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience |language=English |volume=16 |doi=10.3389/fnins.2022.830474 |doi-access=free |pmid=35360167 |issn=1662-453X|pmc=8964012 }}</ref> The PVN is thought to mediate many diverse functions through different [[hormone]]s, including [[osmoregulation]], [[appetite]], [[wakefulness]], and the response of the body to [[Stress (biology)|stress]].<ref name="stuart">{{cite book | first = Stuart Ira | last = Fox | name-list-style = vanc | title = Human Physiology | edition = Twelfth | publisher = McGraw Hill | date = 2011 | page = 665 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Chang-Rui |last2=Zhong |first2=Yu-Heng |last3=Jiang |first3=Shan |last4=Xu |first4=Wei |last5=Xiao |first5=Lei |last6=Wang |first6=Zan |last7=Qu |first7=Wei-Min |last8=Huang |first8=Zhi-Li |date=2021-11-17 |editor-last=Elmquist |editor-first=Joel K |editor2-last=Wong |editor2-first=Ma-Li |editor3-last=Lazarus |editor3-first=Michael |title=Dysfunctions of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus induce hypersomnia in mice |journal=eLife |volume=10 |pages=e69909 |doi=10.7554/eLife.69909 |doi-access=free |pmid=34787078 |pmc=8631797 |issn=2050-084X}}</ref>