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Perchlorate
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{{Short description|Ion, and compounds containing the ion}} {{Chembox | Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 464198728 | ImageFile1 = Perchlorate-2D-dimensions.png | ImageFile1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize1 = 170 | ImageName1 = Skeletal model of perchlorate showing various dimensions | ImageFileL1 = Perchlorate-3D-balls.png | ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSizeL1 = 130 | ImageNameL1 = Ball-and-stick model of the perchlorate ion | ImageFileR1 = Perchlorate-3D-vdW.png | ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSizeR1 = 130 | ImageNameR1 = Spacefill model of perchlorate | SystematicName = Perchlorate<ref>{{Cite web|title = Perchlorate β PubChem Public Chemical Database|url = https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=123351&loc=ec_rcs|work = The PubChem Project|location = USA|publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | IUPHAR_ligand = 4524 | CASNo = 14797-73-0 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = VLA4NZX2P4 | PubChem = 123351 | ChemSpiderID = 109953 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB03138 | MeSHName = 180053 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 49706 | ChEMBL = 1161634 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | Gmelin = 2136 | SMILES = [O-][Cl+3]([O-])([O-])[O-] | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)/p-1 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = {{chem2|ClO4β}} | Cl=1|O=4 | ConjugateAcid = [[Perchloric acid]] }} }} A '''perchlorate''' is a [[chemical compound]] containing the perchlorate [[ion]], {{chem2|ClO4-}}, the [[conjugate base]] of [[perchloric acid]] ('''ionic perchlorate'''). As counterions, there can be [[metal]] [[cations]], [[quaternary ammonium cation]]s or other ions, for example, [[Nitronium ion|nitronium cation]] ({{chem2|NO2+}}). The term ''perchlorate'' can also describe '''perchlorate esters''' or '''covalent perchlorates'''.<ref name=":0" /> These are organic compounds that are [[Alkyl group|alkyl]] or [[Aryl group|aryl]] [[ester]]s of [[perchloric acid]]. They are characterized by a [[covalent bond]] between an [[oxygen]] atom of the ClO<sub>4</sub> [[Moiety (chemistry)|moiety]] and an [[organyl group]]. In most ionic perchlorates, the [[cation]] is [[non-coordinating anion|non-coordinating]]. The majority of ionic perchlorates are commercially produced salts commonly used as oxidizers for pyrotechnic devices and for their ability to control [[static electricity]] in [[food packaging]].<ref>[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp162.pdf Draft Toxicological Profile for Perchlorates], [[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]], U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September, 2005.</ref> Additionally, they have been used in [[rocket propellant]]s, [[fertilizer]]s, and as [[bleaching agent]]s in the [[Paper industry|paper]] and [[Textile industry|textile industries]]. Perchlorate contamination of food and [[water]] endangers human health, primarily affecting the [[thyroid gland]]. Ionic perchlorates are typically colorless solids that exhibit good [[solubility]] in [[water]]. The perchlorate ion forms when they dissolve in water, [[Dissociation (chemistry)|dissociating]] into ions. Many perchlorate salts also exhibit good [[solubility]] in non-aqueous [[solvent]]s.<ref name="Kucharzyk" /> Four perchlorates are of primary commercial interest: [[ammonium perchlorate]] {{chem2|(NH4)ClO4}}, [[perchloric acid]] {{chem2|HClO4}}, [[potassium perchlorate]] {{chem2|KClO4}} and [[sodium perchlorate]] {{chem2|NaClO4}}.
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