Editing Peripheral neuropathy (section)

{{short description|Nervous system disease affecting nerves beyond the brain and spinal cord}}
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{{distinguish|Kidney disease{{!}}Nephropathy|Neuropathology}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Peripheral neuropathy
| image           = Vasculitic neuropathy - plastics - intermed mag.jpg
| caption         = [[Micrograph]] showing a [[vasculitis|vasculitic]] peripheral neuropathy; [[Histology#Alternative techniques|plastic embedded]]; [[Toluidine blue stain]]
| field           = [[Neurology]]
| symptoms        = Shooting [[pain]], [[Paresthesia|numbness]], tingling, tremors, bladder problems, [[balance disorder|unsteadiness]]
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'''Peripheral neuropathy''', often shortened to '''neuropathy''', refers to damage or disease affecting the [[nerve]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Jaskirat |last2=Ghosh |first2=Shampa |last3=Sahani |first3=Asish Kumar |last4=Sinha |first4=Jitendra Kumar |title=Mental Imagery as a Rehabilitative Therapy for Neuropathic Pain in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair |date=November 2020 |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=1038–1049 |doi=10.1177/1545968320962498 |pmid=33040678 |s2cid=222300017 }}</ref> Damage to nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland function, and/or organ function depending on which nerve fibers are affected. Neuropathies affecting [[Motor nerve|motor]], [[Sensory nervous system|sensory]], or [[Autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] nerve fibers result in different symptoms. More than one type of fiber may be affected simultaneously. Peripheral neuropathy may be acute (with sudden onset, rapid progress) or chronic (symptoms begin subtly and progress slowly), and may be reversible or permanent.

Common causes include systemic diseases (such as [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] or [[leprosy]]), hyperglycemia-induced [[glycation]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugimoto K, Yasujima M, Yagihashi S | title = Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic neuropathy | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | pages = 953–61 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18473845 | doi = 10.2174/138161208784139774 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS | title = Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications | journal = The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24634591 | pmc = 3951818 | doi = 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.1.1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jack M, Wright D | title = Role of advanced glycation endproducts and glyoxalase I in diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy | journal = Translational Research | volume = 159 | issue = 5 | pages = 355–65 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22500508 | pmc = 3329218 | doi = 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.004 }}</ref> [[vitamin deficiency]], [[Pharmaceutical drug|medication]] (e.g., [[chemotherapy]], or commonly prescribed [[antibiotics]] including [[metronidazole]] and the [[Quinolone antibiotic|fluoroquinolone]] class of antibiotics (such as [[ciprofloxacin]], [[levofloxacin]], [[moxifloxacin]])), traumatic [[injury]], [[ischemia]], [[radiation therapy]], excessive alcohol consumption, [[Autoimmune disease|immune system disease]], [[celiac disease]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]], or viral infection. It can also be [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] (present from birth) or [[Idiopathy|idiopathic]] (no known cause).<ref name=BMJ>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hughes RA | title = Peripheral neuropathy | journal = BMJ | volume = 324 | issue = 7335 | pages = 466–9 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11859051 | pmc = 1122393 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.324.7335.466 }}</ref><ref name=JAMA>{{cite journal | vauthors = Torpy JM, Kincaid JL, Glass RM | title = JAMA patient page. Peripheral neuropathy | journal = JAMA | volume = 303 | issue = 15 | pages = 1556 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 20407067 | doi = 10.1001/jama.303.15.1556 | doi-access =  }}</ref><ref name= NIH>{{cite web| url= http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm | title= Peripheral neuropathy fact sheet | date= 19 September 2012 | publisher = National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104184900/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm |archive-date= 4 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name=ZisHadjivassiliou2019 /> In conventional medical [[usage]], the word ''neuropathy'' ([[wikt:neuro-#English|neuro-]], "nervous system" and [[wikt:-pathy#English|-pathy]], "disease of")<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=neuropathy "neuropathy"]. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''.</ref> without modifier usually means ''peripheral neuropathy''.

Neuropathy affecting just one nerve is called "mononeuropathy", and neuropathy involving nerves in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body is called "symmetrical polyneuropathy" or simply "[[polyneuropathy]]". When two or more (typically just a few, but sometimes many) separate nerves in disparate areas of the body are affected it is called "[[mononeuritis multiplex]]", "multifocal mononeuropathy", or "multiple mononeuropathy".<ref name=BMJ/><ref name=JAMA/><ref name= NIH/>

Neuropathy may cause painful [[cramp]]s, [[fasciculation]]s (fine muscle twitching), muscle loss, bone degeneration, and changes in the skin, hair, and nails. Additionally, '''motor neuropathy''' may cause impaired balance and coordination or, most commonly, muscle weakness; '''sensory neuropathy''' may cause numbness to touch and vibration, reduced [[Proprioception|position sense]] causing poorer coordination and balance, reduced sensitivity to temperature change and pain, spontaneous tingling or burning pain, or [[allodynia]] (pain from normally nonpainful stimuli, such as light touch); and '''[[autonomic neuropathy]]''' may produce diverse symptoms, depending on the affected glands and organs, but common symptoms are poor bladder control, abnormal blood pressure or heart rate, and reduced ability to sweat normally.<ref name=BMJ/><ref name=JAMA/><ref name= NIH/>
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