Editing Peronism (section)

{{Short description|Argentine political movement}}
{{Distinguish|Personism|Pyrrhonism}}
[[File:Evita y Perón.jpg|thumb|Argentine president [[Juan Perón]] and first lady [[Eva Perón]] have been the central figures in the [[Justicialist Party]].]]
[[File:Peronistsymbolss.png|thumb|Symbols associated with Peronism (from top-left clockwise: Peronist Party emblem, Federal Star, ''"Perón Vuelve"'' ["Peron Returns"] sign, and the "V" hand sign).]]
{{Populism sidebar|expanded=Related}}
{{History of Argentina}}

'''Peronism''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|ɪ|z|əm}};<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Peronism}}</ref> {{langx|es|peronismo}}}} also known as '''justicialism''',{{efn|{{langx|es|justicialismo}}. The [[Justicialist Party]] is the main Peronist party in [[Argentina]], and derives its name from the concept of [[social justice]].|name=|group=}} is an Argentine ideology and movement based on the ideas, doctrine and legacy of [[Juan Perón]] (1895–1974).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juan Domingo |first=Perón |title=La Comunidad Organizada |year=1949 |location=Argentina |trans-title=The Organized Community}}</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peronist|title=Peronist|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> It has been an influential movement in 20th- and 21st-century Argentine politics.<ref name="britannica" /> Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 14<!-- Economist source says 11, but is from before the 2019 (which they won) and 2023 elections (which they lost) --> presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2015/10/15/the-persistence-of-peronism|title=The persistence of Peronism|date=15 October 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174646/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2015/10/15/the-persistence-of-peronism|archive-date=2019-07-18|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Peronism is defined through its three flags: [[Import substitution industrialization|"economic independence"]] (an economy that does not depend on other countries, by [[Industrialization|developing its national industry]]), "[[social justice]]" (the fight against socioeconomic inequalities) and "[[Sovereignty|political sovereignty]]" (the non-interference of foreign powers in domestic affairs).

Peronism as an ideology is described as a social form of [[nationalism]],<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944-2007 |first=Pierre |last=Ostiguy |publisher=Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> as it pushes for a sense of national pride among Argentines.<ref name="britannica" /> However, it promotes an [[Civic nationalism|inclusive form of nationalism]] that embraces all ethnicities and races as integral parts of the nation, distinguishing it from racial or chauvinistic [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalism]] that prioritizes a single ethnic group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rein |first=Raanan |date=2022 |title=Challenging the Argentine Melting Pot: Peronism, Hispanidad, and Cultural Diversity |url=https://www.academia.edu/95976147 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=691–707 |doi=10.1177/00220094211065994 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref> This is because of the [[Ethnic groups of Argentina|ethnically heterogeneous]] background of Argentina, which is a result of the mixing between [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|indigenous peoples]], [[Criollo people|Criollos]], the various [[Immigration to Argentina|immigrant groups]] and their descendants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio |last2=Via |first2=Marc |last3=Ziv |first3=Elad |last4=Pérez-Stable |first4=Eliseo J. |last5=Gignoux |first5=Christopher R. |last6=Dejean |first6=Cristina |last7=Huntsman |first7=Scott |last8=Torres-Mejía |first8=Gabriela |last9=Dutil |first9=Julie |last10=Matta |first10=Jaime L. |last11=Beckman |first11=Kenneth |last12=Burchard |first12=Esteban González |last13=Parolin |first13=María Laura |last14=Goicoechea |first14=Alicia |last15=Acreche |first15=Noemí |date=2012-04-10 |title=Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=e34695 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034695 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3323559 |pmid=22506044|bibcode=2012PLoSO...734695A }}</ref> Likewise, Peronism is generally considered [[Populism|populist]], since it needs the figure of a leader (originally occupied by Perón) to lead the masses.<ref name="britannica" /> Consequently, it adopts a third position in the context of the [[Cold War]], expressed in the phrase: "we are neither [[Yankee|Yankees]] nor [[Marxism|Marxists]]".

Peronism has taken both [[Paternalistic conservatism|conservative]] and [[Progressivism|progressive]] measures. Among its conservative elements are [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] sentiments<ref>{{Cite web |last=Divergencia |title=Los usos del discurso anticomunista del peronismo durante el periodo 1951-1955: La infiltración gremial, la cuestión internacional y el conflicto con la Iglesia |url=https://www.revistadivergencia.cl/articulos/los-usos-del-discurso-anticomunista-del-peronismo-durante-el-periodo-1951-1955-la-infiltracion-gremial-la-cuestion-internacional-y-el-conflicto-con-la-iglesia/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |language=es}}</ref> (later abandoned),<ref name="friede">{{cite journal |title=El marxismo peronista de Rodolfo Puiggrós: Una aproximación a la izquierda nacional |language=es |date=March 2014 |first=Sergio |last=Friedemann |journal=Documentos de Jóvenes Investigadores |issue=39 |isbn=978-987-28642-4-8 |publisher=Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/186785 |quote="En ambas, Perón parecía responder a pedidos de acercamiento a posiciones marxistas, decía estar de acuerdo en que "el marxismo no sólo no está en contradicción con el Movimiento Peronista, sino que lo complementa", y justificaba posiciones sostenidas en el pasado al afirmar que su distancia era con la "ortodoxia" comunista, a la que se ha visto "al lado de la oligarquía o del brazo de Braden"." |trans-quote="In both, Perón would respond to calls for rapprochement with Marxist positions, agreeing that ‘Marxism is not only not in contradiction with the Peronist Movement, but complements it’, and justifying his past positions by stating that his distance was from the communist ‘orthodoxy’, which had been seen to be ‘on the side of the oligarchy or Braden's arm’."}}</ref> a strong [[patriotism]], a [[Militarism|militarist]] approach and the adoption of a law on [[Catholic theology|Catholic teaching]] [[Religious education in primary and secondary education|in public schools]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Mendoza |first1=Edwan Gabriel Vera |title=El Peronismo y la Iglesia Católica (1946-1955): cuando la política se hizo religión Peronism and the Catholic Church (1946-1955): when politics became religion |journal=Artificios: Revista colombiana de estudiantes de historia |number=7 |date=April 2017 |issn=2422-118X}}</ref> its progressive measures include the expansion of workers' rights, the adoption of [[women's suffrage]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=Gregory |date=6 December 2012 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/117/5/1641/44195 |title=The Women's Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina from Roca to Perón |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=117 |issue=5 |location=[[Albuquerque]] |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |access-date=2024-05-04 |doi=10.1093/ahr/117.5.1641|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Free education|free tuition]] for public universities, and a failed attempt to sanction the divorce law after the breakdown of relations with the church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=70 años. Gratuidad universitaria y el proyecto nacional |url=https://riberas.uner.edu.ar/70-anos-gratuidad-universitaria-y-el-proyecto-nacional/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Riberas |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Peronism granted the working class a genuine role in government and enacted reforms that eroded the power of the Argentine oligarchy.<ref>{{cite book |title=God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s |first1=Patricia |last1=Marchak |first2=William |last2=Marchak |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-7735-2013-9 |page=62}}</ref> Peronist reforms also included a constitutional right to housing,<ref name="water">{{cite book |publisher=Wesleyan University |title=Currents of Change: Water, State and Society in Buenos Aires, 1850-2000 |year=2010 |first=Emma |last=Goldstein |location=Middletown, Connecticut |url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/_flysystem/fedora/2023-03/22306-Original%20File.pdf |page=81}}</ref> ending the oppression of indigenous peoples,<ref name="efe"/> adding mandatory trade union representation to regional legislature,<ref>{{cite book |title=God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s |first1=Patricia |last1=Marchak |first2=William |last2=Marchak |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-7735-2013-9 |pages=59–60}}</ref> freezing retail prices and subsidizing foodstuffs to the workers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls: How Not to Fight Inflation |first1=Robert L.|last1=Schuettinger |first2=Eamonn F. |last2=Buder |first3=David I. |last3=Meiselman |publisher=Caroline House Publishers Inc. |location=Thornwood, New York |year=1979 |isbn=0-89195-023-0 |page=96}}</ref>

Perón followed what he called a "national form of socialism",<ref>{{cite book |title=Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944-2007 |first=Pierre |last=Ostiguy |publisher=Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies |year=2009 |page=3 |quote="He repeatedly praised a national form of socialism, against capitalist exploitation and US or Soviet imperialism."}}</ref> which represented the interests of different sectors of Argentine society, and grouped them into multiple organizations: workers were represented by the [[General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)|CGT]], Peronist businessmen in the General Economic Confederation, landowners by the Argentine Agrarian Federation, women by the [[Female Peronist Party]], Jews in the Argentine Israelite Organization, students in the Secondary Student Union.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Paul G. |date=1985 |title=State Corporatism in Argentina: Labor Administration under Peron and Ongania |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503258 |journal=Latin American Research Review |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61–95 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100034269 |jstor=2503258 |issn=0023-8791|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Peron was able to coordinate and centralize the working class, which he mobilized to act on his behest. [[Trade union]]s have been incorporated into Peronism's structure and remain a key part of the movement today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clohesy |first=William |date=1993-01-01 |title=Argentine Unions, the State and the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945; Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness |url=https://www.academia.edu/54834931 |journal=The Latin American Anthropology Review|volume=5 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.1525/jlca.1993.5.1.30 }}</ref> Also, the state intervened in labor-capital conflicts in favour of the former,<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Discourse on Civil Society in Poverty: Reduction Policy in the Argentina of the 1990s. The neoliberal and populist political project's struggles for hegemony |first=Romina |last=Miorelli |year=2008 |journal=The London School of Economics and Political Science |location=London  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201010555/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4187749.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4187749.pdf |url-status=usurped |page=72}}</ref> with the Ministry of Labour and Social Security being responsible for directly negotiating and enforcing agreements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiarda |first=Howard J. |date=July 2009 |title=The Political Sociology of a Concept: Corporatism and the "Distinct Tradition" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/political-sociology-of-a-concept-corporatism-and-the-distinct-tradition/1073EE7B0F207BBCE6405AE828A4102C |journal=The Americas |language=en |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.1353/tam.0.0155 |issn=0003-1615 |s2cid=146378700|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Paul G. |date=January 1985 |title=State Corporatism in Argentina: Labor Administration under Perón and Onganía |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-research-review/article/state-corporatism-in-argentina-labor-administration-under-peron-and-ongania/C8CB42244641277C1E950EF6E2AFBBD2 |journal=Latin American Research Review |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61–95 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100034269 |issn=0023-8791|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Perón became Argentina's [[Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (Argentina)|labour secretary]] after participating in the [[1943 Argentine coup d'état|1943 military coup]] and was elected [[president of Argentina]] in [[1946 Argentine general election|1946]].<ref name="britannica" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089|url-access=registration|title=Argentina|last=Dougherty|first=Terri|year=2003|isbn=978-1-59018-108-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089/page/35 35]|publisher=Lucent Books |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He introduced social programs that benefited the [[working class]],{{sfn|Dougherty|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089/page/36 36]}} supported [[labor unions]] and called for additional involvement of the state in the economy.<ref name="britannica" /> In addition, he supported [[industrialists]] to facilitate harmony between labor and capital.<ref name="economist" /> Perón was very popular due to his leadership, and gained even more admiration through his wife [[Eva Perón|Eva]], who championed for the rights of migrant workers, the poor, and [[Feminism in Argentina|women]], whose suffrage is partially due to Eva's involvement, until her death by cancer in 1952.{{sfn|Dougherty|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089/page/37 37]}} Due to [[Economic history of Argentina#Relative lag|economic problems]] and political repression, the military [[Revolución Libertadora|overthrew Perón]]{{sfn|Dougherty|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089/page/39 39]}} and banned the [[Justicialist Party]] in 1955;{{sfn|Dougherty|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781590181089/page/39 39]}} it was not until 1973 that [[September 1973 Argentine presidential election|open elections were held again]] in which Perón was re-elected president by 62%.<ref name="britannica" /> Perón died in the following year, opening the way for his widow and vice president [[Isabel Perón|Isabel]] to succeed the presidency.<ref name="britannica" /> During the Peronists' second period in office from 1973 to 1976, various social provisions were improved.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Power_Alliances_and_Redistribution/io0pEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=argentina+the+policies+expanding+family+and+social+assistance+also+benefited+low+income+earners.&pg=PA156&printsec=frontcover Power, Alliances, and Redistribution The Politics of Social Protection for Low-Income Earners in Argentina, 1943–2015 By Carl Friedrich Bossert, 2021, P.154-156]</ref>

Perón's death left an intense [[power vacuum]] and the military promptly [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|overthrew Isabel in 1976]].<ref name="britannica" /> Since the [[1983 Argentine general election|return to democracy in 1983]], Peronist candidates have won several general elections. The candidate for Peronism, [[Carlos Menem]], was elected in [[1989 Argentine general election|1989]] and served for two consecutive terms until 1999. Menem abandoned the traditional Peronist policies, focusing on the adoption of [[free-market]] policies,<ref name="britannica" /> the [[privatization]] of state enterprises,<ref name="economist" /> and pro-US foreign policy.<ref name="economist" /> In 1999, [[Fernando de la Rúa|Fernando De La Rúa]] would win the presidential elections allied to a large sector of [[Front for a Country in Solidarity|Peronists who denounced Menem]]. After the De La Rúa administration collapsed in 2001, four ''[[Acting president|interim]]'' Peronist leaders took over [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression#December 2001 riots and political turmoil|between 2001 and 2003]] due to political turmoil of the [[Argentine Great Depression]]. After coming to power in the [[2003 Argentine general election]], [[Néstor Kirchner]] restructured the Justicialist platform and returned to classical left-wing populism of Perón, reverting the movement's detour to free-market capitalism under Carlos Menem.<ref name="prevost_9">{{cite book |title=Social Movements and Leftist Governments in Latin America: Confrontation or Co-optation? |quote="In 2003 Néstor Kirchner was elected president in Argentina on a political platform that returned the Peronist Justice Party to its traditional centerleft stance following a long detour to centerright neoliberalism under Carlos Menem; this leftward tilt was validated by the election of Cristina Kirchner in 2007." |first1=Gary |last1=Prevost |first2=Carlos Oliva |last2=Campos |first3=Harry E. |last3=Vanden |isbn=978-1780321837 |publisher=Zed Books |year=2012 |page=9}}</ref> Kirchner served for only one term, while his wife, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], served two (having been elected in [[2007 Argentine general election|2007]] and re-elected in [[2011 Argentine general election|2011]]). From [[2019 Argentine general election|2019]] until 2023, Cristina Kirchner was [[List of vice presidents of Argentina|vice president]] and [[Alberto Fernández]] president.<ref name="britannica" /> {{As of|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}, Peronists have held the [[President of Argentina|presidency in Argentina]] for a total of 39 years.