Editing Peru (section)

{{Short description|Country in South America}}
{{About|the country}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Peru
| native_name            = {{nobold|{{native name|es|República del Perú}}}}
| common_name            = Peru
| name                   = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Peru, [[Languages of Peru|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]], which are co-official alongside [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in those areas where they predominate.
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw Ripuwlika''<!-- , {{IPA|qu|xx|}} -->
* {{langx|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}<!-- , {{IPA|ay|xx|}} -->}}
|{{Infobox
 |subbox=yes
 |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
 |rowclass1 = mergedrow
 |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]:
 |data1={{lang|qu|Piruw Ripuwlika}}
 |rowclass2 = mergedrow
 |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]:
 |data2={{lang|ay|Piruwxa Ripuwlika}}
}}
}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Peru.svg
| image_coat             = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| other_symbol           = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]</div>{{native phrase|es|[[Coat of arms of Peru#Variants|Gran Sello del Estado]]|nolink=on}}<br />Great Seal of the State
| other_symbol_type      = [[Seal (emblem)|National seal]]
| national_motto         = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|"}}[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme y feliz por la unión]]{{noitalic|"}}|nolink=on}}<br />"Firm and Happy for the Union"
| national_anthem        = {{native name|es|{{noitalic|"}}[[National Anthem of Peru|Himno Nacional del Perú]]{{noitalic|"}}|nolink=on}}<br />"National Anthem of Peru"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}</div>
| march                  = <br />{{native name|es|{{noitalic|"}}[[Flag of Peru#The Marcha de Banderas|Marcha de Banderas]]{{noitalic|"}}|nolink=on}}<br />"March of Flags"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map              = PER orthographic.svg
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2             = 
| capital                = [[Lima]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}}
| largest_city           = capital
| official_languages     = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| languages_type         = Co-official languages{{efn|name=b|In those areas where they predominate.}}
| languages              = {{Plainlist|
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Languages of Peru|Other Indigenous languages]] 
}}
| ethnic_groups          = {{unbulleted list
 |60.20% [[Multiracial people|mixed]]
 |25.75% [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|native]]
 |5.89% [[Peruvians of European descent|White]]
 |3.57% [[Black Peruvians|Black]]
 |0.16% [[Asian Peruvians|East Asian]]
 |1.10% other
 |3.32% no answer
}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2017
| ethnic_groups_ref      = {{efn|name=c|The [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] included, for the first time, a question of [[Ethnic group|ethnic self-identification]] that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country.}}
| demonym                = [[Peruvians|Peruvian]]
| government_type        = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]<ref name="Draft" /><ref name="Dual" />
| leader_title1          = [[President of Peru|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Dina Boluarte]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of Peru|First Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = ''Vacant''
| leader_title3          = [[President of the Council of Ministers of Peru|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3           = [[Eduardo Arana Ysa]]
| leader_title4          = [[President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru|President of Congress]]
| leader_name4           = [[Eduardo Salhuana]]
| legislature            = [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[Peruvian War of Independence|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from [[History of Spain (1814-1873)|Spain]]
| established_event1     = [[Peruvian War of Independence|Declared]]
| established_date1      = 28 July 1821
| established_event2     = [[Battle of Ayacucho|Consolidated]]
| established_date2      = 9 December 1824
| established_event3     = Recognized
| established_date3      = 14 August 1879
| area_km2               = 1,285,216<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 February 2023|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IfKRF" />
| area_rank              = 19th
| area_sq_mi             = 496,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]] -->
| percent_water          = 0.41 <!-- CIA World Factbook -->
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 34,352,720<ref name="IfKRF" />
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 43rd
| population_density_km2 = 23 <!--UN World Population Prospects-->
| population_density_sq_mi = 57 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| population_density_rank = 197th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $643.05 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" />
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 47th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $18,689<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 99th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $303.3 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,814<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 86th
| Gini                   = 40.2 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2022
| Gini_change            = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.794
| HDI_year               = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change             = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref                = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PER|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 79th
| currency               = [[Peruvian sol]]
| currency_code          = PEN
| time_zone              = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset             = −05:00
| date_format            = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Peru|+51]]
| iso3166code            = PE
| cctld                  = [[.pe]]
| religion               = {{unbulleted list
 |{{Tree list}}
*94.5% [[Religion in Peru#Christianity|Christianity]]
**76.0% [[Catholic Church in Peru|Catholicism]]
**18.5% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|5.1% [[Irreligion in Latin America|no religion]]|0.4% other}}
| religion_ref           = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| religion_year          = 2017{{efn|name=d| The question about religion included in the [[2017 Peru Census|2017 National Census]] was addressed to people aged 12 and over.}}
}}

'''Peru''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Peru.ogg|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː}} {{respell|pə|ROO}}; {{langx|es|link=no|Perú}} {{IPA|es|peˈɾu|}}; [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: ''Piruw'' {{IPA|qu|pɪɾʊw|}};<ref>Quechua name used by government of Peru is ''Perú'' (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm |date=30 July 2010}} and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf but common Quechua name is ''Piruw'']</ref> {{langx|ay|Piruw}} {{IPA|ay|pɪɾʊw|}}}} officially the '''Republic of Peru''',{{efn|{{langx|es|{{audio|ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg|República del Perú}}}}<!-- {{IPA|es|reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu|}} -->}} is a country in western [[South America]]. It is bordered in the north by [[Ecuador]] and [[Colombia]], in the east by [[Brazil]], in the southeast by [[Bolivia]], in the south by [[Chile]], and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a [[Megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]], with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the [[Andes]] mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical [[Amazon basin]] rainforest in the east with the [[Amazon River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |title=Perú: País megadiverso |trans-title=Peru: Megadiverse country |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014}}</ref> Peru has [[Demographics of Peru|a population]] of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is [[Lima]]. At {{convert|1,285,216|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, Peru is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|19th largest country in the world]], and the [[List of South American countries by area|third largest in South America]].

[[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian territory]] was home to [[Andean civilizations|several cultures]] during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE [[Caral–Supe civilization]], the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the [[Cradle of civilization|cradles of civilization]]. Notable succeeding cultures and civilizations include the [[Nazca culture]], the [[Wari Empire|Wari]] and [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiwanaku]] empires, the [[Kingdom of Cusco]], and the [[Inca Empire]], the largest known state in the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] Americas. The [[Spanish Empire]] conquered the region in the 16th century and [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] [[Viceroyalty of Peru|established a viceroyalty]] with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilmer Angel |first1=Aguilar Pereda |title=Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú |journal=[[Universidad Nacional de Trujillo]] |date=2019 |url=https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content |url-status=live}}</ref> Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the [[National University of San Marcos]] in Lima in 1551.

Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of [[Bernardo O'Higgins]], [[José de San Martín]], and [[Simón Bolívar]], as well as the decisive [[battle of Ayacucho]], it [[Peruvian War of Independence|completed its independence in 1824]]. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative [[Guano Era|economic and political stability]] began due to the exploitation of [[guano]] that ended with the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the [[Internal conflict in Peru|internal conflict]] between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of ''[[Plan Verde]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |quote=At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called ''El cuaderno verde''. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. ''El cuaderno verde'' was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru |quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan}}</ref> shifted Peru towards [[neoliberal economics]] under the authoritarian rule of [[Alberto Fujimori]] and [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of [[Fujimorism]] leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day.<ref name="Villalba-2022" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Asensio |first1=Raúl |url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación |last2=Camacho |first2=Gabriela |last3=González |first3=Natalia |last4=Grompone |first4=Romeo |last5=Pajuelo Teves |first5=Ramón |last6=Peña Jimenez |first6=Omayra |last7=Moscoso |first7=Macarena |last8=Vásquez |first8=Yerel |last9=Sosa Villagarcia |first9=Paolo |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]] |isbn=978-612-326-084-2 |edition=1 |location=[[Lima, Peru]] |pages=92 |language=es |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing [[Centralismo (Peru)|sociopolitical vulnerabilities]], exacerbated by a [[Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)|political crisis]] instigated by [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Peru|COVID-19 pandemic]], precipitating the period of [[Peruvian protests (2022–2023)|unrest beginning in 2022]].<ref name="Banda-2023" />

The [[sovereign state]] of Peru is a [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic divided into [[Administrative divisions of Peru|25 regions]]. Its main economic activities include [[Mineral industry of Peru|mining]], [[Manufacturing in Peru|manufacturing]], agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as [[Telecommunications in Peru|telecommunications]] and [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |title=Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |trans-title=Training module on genetic resources and biosafety |publisher=[[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú]] |author=David E. Castro Garro |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> The country forms part of [[The Pacific Pumas]], a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in [[Freedom in the World|social freedom]];<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf "Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf |date=27 July 2017}} by [[Freedom House]], 31 January 2017</ref> it is an active member of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], the [[Pacific Alliance]], the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and the [[World Trade Organization]]; and is considered as a [[middle power]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKercher|first1=B. J. C.|title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136664366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|language=en|quote=a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peru's population includes [[Mestizo]]s, [[Indigenous peoples of Peru|Amerindians]], [[White Latin Americans|Europeans]], [[Afro–Latin Americans|Africans]] and [[Asian Latin Americans|Asians]]. The main spoken language is [[Peruvian Spanish|Spanish]], although a significant number of Peruvians speak [[Quechuan languages]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], or other [[Languages of Peru|Indigenous languages]]. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as [[Peruvian art|art]], [[Peruvian cuisine|cuisine]], [[Peruvian literature|literature]], and [[Music of Peru|music]]. Peru has recently gained international recognition for its vibrant gastronomy, blending Indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences. Lima is now considered a global culinary capital, home to award-winning restaurants like [[Central Restaurante|Central]] and Maido.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=A guide to Lima: South America's culinary capital |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/lima-culinary-guide-south-america |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Travel |language=en}}</ref>

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