Editing Peru–Bolivian Confederation (section)

{{Short description|State in western South America from 1836 to 1839}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name       = {{lang|es|Confederación Perú-Boliviana}}
|conventional_long_name = Peru–Bolivian Confederation
|common_name       = Peru–Bolivian Confederation
|image_flag        = Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg
|image_coat        = Emblem of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg
|symbol_type       = Emblem
|motto             = ''Firme por la Unión''
|anthem            = [[National Anthem of Peru]]{{efn|''De facto.''}}
|image_map         = Peru–Bolivia Confederation (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map_caption = Map of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (including territorial claims) 
|capital           = [[Tacna]]
|population_estimate_year=1835–1836
|population_estimate= 2,434,513<ref>[https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/informe-especial/censo-bolivia-inicio-1831/20121118193500663158.html Censo en Bolivia se inició en 1831]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gootenberg |first1=Paul |title=Population and Ethnicity in Early Republican Peru: Some Revisions |journal=Latin American Research Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=109–157 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100023955 |id={{ProQuest|1297374817}} |jstor=2503666 |s2cid=252940541 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|official_languages= [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|regional_languages= {{plainlist|
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Guarani language|Guarani]]
* Other Indigenous languages
}} 
|membership_type   = Constituent countries
|membership        = {{plainlist|
* [[North Peru]]
* [[South Peru]]
* [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]}}
|government_type   = [[Confederation|Confederated]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]
|title_leader      = [[Protector (title)|Supreme Protector]]
|year_leader1      = 28 October 1836 – 20 February 1839
|leader1           = [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]
|event_start       = Established by decree
|year_start        = 1836
|date_start        = 28 October
|date_event1       = 1 May 1837
|event1            = Pact of Tacna
|date_event2       = 20 January 1839
|event2            = [[Battle of Yungay]]
|event_end         = [[Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Dissolution]] declared{{efn|[[Agustín Gamarra]] first declared the Confederation dissolved on August 25, while [[José Miguel de Velasco]] later declared the confederation dissolved on October 26, 1839.}}
|date_end          = 25 August
|year_end          = 1839
|event_post        = [[Iquicha War of 1839|Capitulation of Iquicha]]
|date_post         = 15 November 1839
|currency          = [[Peruvian real]], [[Bolivian sol]]
|p1                = History of Peru (1821–1842){{!}}Peru
|flag_p1           = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg
|p2                = Republic of Bolivia (1825–1836){{!}}Bolivia
|flag_p2           = Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg
|s1                = Restoration (Peru){{!}}Peru
|flag_s1           = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg
|s2                = Republic of Bolivia (1839–1879){{!}}Bolivia
|flag_s2           = Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg
|today             = [[Peru]]<br/>[[Bolivia]]<br/>[[Argentina]]<br/>[[Brazil]]<br/>[[Chile]]<br/>[[Colombia]] <br/>[[Ecuador]]<br/>[[Paraguay]]
}}
The '''Peru–Bolivian Confederation''' ({{langx|es|Confederación Perú-Boliviana}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leyes.congreso.gob.pe/Documentos/Constituciones/Ecpb1836.pdf |title=Decreto del 28 de Octubre de 1836 (Establecimiento de la Confederación Perú - Boliviana) |date=1836-10-28 |website=[[Congress of Peru]] |last=Santa-Cruz |first=Andrés |author-link=Andrés de Santa Cruz}}</ref> was a short-lived state that existed in [[South America]] between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose [[confederation]] made up of three states: [[North Peru]] and [[South Peru]]—states that arose from the division of the [[Peruvian Republic]] due to the civil wars of [[Peruvian Civil War of 1834|1834]] and [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|1835 to 1836]]—as well as the [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivian Republic]].<ref name=leyf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leyes.congreso.gob.pe/Documentos/constituciones_ordenado/CONSTIT_1837/Lcpb1837.pdf |title=Ley Fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1837) |date=1837-05-01 |website=[[Congress of Peru]]}}</ref>

The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia [[Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina|occupying and incorporating]] the disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed ''[[de facto]]'' [[autonomous]] indigenous territories, such as [[Iquicha]], all under the supreme command of Marshal [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]], who assumed the position of [[Supreme Protector]] in 1836, while he was [[president of Bolivia]].

Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837, with the {{ill|Pact of Tacna|es|Pacto de Tacna}}, its ''de facto'' establishment dated from October 28, 1836<ref name=leyf/>—with the end of the [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|war between Salaverry and Santa Cruz]]—until August 25, 1839, with its [[Dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation|dissolution]] proclaimed by General [[Agustín Gamarra]],<ref name="archivo"/> the Peruvian ''restorationist'' president who [[War of the Confederation|declared war against the Confederation]], supported by the [[United Restoration Army]] headed by himself and Chilean [[Manuel Bulnes]]—formerly the [[Restoration Army of Peru]]—made up of Peruvian and Bolivian opponents of the Confederation, as well as the governments and armies of [[Conservative Republic|Chile]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]. Both Chile and Argentina opposed the Confederation as a potential military and economic threat, and for its support for dissidents in exile.

Argentina and Bolivia reached an agreement after their [[Tarija War|war over Tarija]], and the [[Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Confederate Army]] was ultimately defeated by the United Restoration Army in the 1839 [[Battle of Yungay]], which put an end to the [[War of the Confederation]]. Historian [[Jorge Basadre]] frames the confederation as part of a period of "determination of the nationalities" in western South America.<ref name=Cuadernos2021>{{Cite journal|title=La presencia del Ejército restaurador en Perú (1837-1839), un vacío historiográfico|journal=[[Cuadernos de Historia]]|url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-12432021000100095&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es|last=Serrano del Pozo|first=Gonzalo|volume=54|doi=10.4067/S0719-12432021000100095|year=2021|issue=54 |pages=95–117 |s2cid=238047546 |language=Spanish|trans-title=The presence of the Restoring Army in Peru (1837-1839), a historiographic vacuum|doi-access=free}}</ref>