Editing Picture superiority effect (section)

{{Short description|Psychological phenomenon}}
[[File:Visual-Storytelling.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Visual storytelling by Suhani Gowan<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |jstor = 985378|title = The Principle of Associative Symmetry|journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume = 106|issue = 2|pages = 135–163|last1 = Asch|first1 = Solomon E.|last2 = Ebenholtz|first2 = Sheldon M.|year = 1962}}</ref>]]

The '''picture superiority effect''' refers to the phenomenon in which pictures and images are more likely to be remembered than words.<ref name="curran">{{cite journal | last1 = Curran | first1 = T. | last2 = Doyle | first2 = J. | year = 2011 | title = Picture superiority doubly dissociates the ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity | journal = Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience | volume = 23 | issue = 5| pages = 1247–1262 | doi = 10.1162/jocn.2010.21464 | pmid=20350169| s2cid = 6568038 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.708.3705 }}</ref><ref name="shepard">{{cite journal | last1 = Shepard | first1 = R.N. | year = 1967 | title = Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures | journal = Journal of Learning and Verbal Behavior | volume = 6 | pages = 156–163 | doi=10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80067-7}}</ref><ref name="McBride">{{cite journal | last1 = McBride | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Dosher | first2 = B.A. | year = 2002 | title = A comparison of conscious and automatic memory processes for picture and word stimuli: a process dissociation analysis | journal = Consciousness and Cognition | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 423–460 | doi=10.1016/s1053-8100(02)00007-7| pmid = 12435377 | s2cid = 2813053 }}</ref><ref name="defeyter">{{cite journal | last1 = Defetyer | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Russo | first2 = R. | last3 = McPartlin | first3 = P. L. | year = 2009 | title = The picture superiority effect in recognition memory: a developmental study using the response signal procedure | journal = Cognitive Development | volume = 24 | issue = 3| pages = 265–273 | doi = 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.05.002 }}</ref><ref name="whitehouse">{{cite journal | last1 = Whitehouse | first1 = A. J. | last2 = Maybery | first2 = M.T. | last3 = Durkin | first3 = K. | year = 2006 | title = The development of the picture-superiority effect | journal = British Journal of Developmental Psychology | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = 767–773 | doi = 10.1348/026151005X74153 }}</ref><ref name="ally gold">{{cite journal | last1 = Ally | first1 = B. A. | last2 = Gold | first2 = C. A. | last3 = Budson | first3 = A. E. | year = 2009 | title = The picture superiority effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment | journal = Neuropsychologia | volume = 47 | issue = 2| pages = 595–598 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.010 | pmid = 18992266 | pmc = 2763351 }}</ref> This effect has been demonstrated in numerous experiments using different methods. It is based on the notion that "human memory is extremely sensitive to the symbolic modality of presentation of event information."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmCLAwAAQBAJ|title=Imagery, Memory and Cognition (PLE: Memory): Essays in Honor of Allan Paivio|last=Yuille|first=John C.|date=2014-05-09|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781317685470|language=en}}</ref> Explanations for the picture superiority effect are not concrete and are still being debated, however an evolutionary explanation is that [[Visual perception|sight]] has a long history stretching back millions of years and was crucial to survival in the past, whereas reading is a relatively recent invention, and requires specific cognitive processes, such as decoding symbols and linking them to meaning.