Editing Plasma cutting (section)

{{Short description|Process}}
[[File:CNC Plasma Cutting.ogv|thumb|CNC plasma cutting]]
[[Image:Robotworx-plasma-cutting-robot.jpg|thumb|Plasma cutting performed by an industrial robot]]
'''Plasma cutting''' is a process that cuts through [[electrical conductor|electrically conductive]] materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot [[plasma (physics)|plasma]]. Typical materials cut with a [[plasma torch]] include [[steel]], [[stainless steel]], [[aluminum]], [[brass]] and [[copper]], although other conductive metals may be cut as well. Plasma cutting is often used in [[metal fabrication|fabrication]] shops, [[automotive repair]] and [[Conservation and restoration of road vehicles|restoration]], industrial [[construction]], and [[marine salvage|salvage]] and [[scrap]]ping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial [[Computer Numerical Control|computer numerical control]] (CNC) applications down to small hobbyist shops.

The basic plasma cutting process involves creating an electrical channel of superheated, electrically ionized gas i.e. plasma from the plasma cutter itself, through the workpiece to be cut, thus forming a completed [[electric circuit]] back to the plasma cutter through a [[grounding clamp]]. This is accomplished by a [[compressed gas]] (oxygen, air, inert and others depending on material being cut) which is blown through a focused nozzle at high speed toward the workpiece. An [[electrical arc]] is then formed within the gas, between an electrode near or integrated into the gas nozzle and the workpiece itself. The electrical arc ionizes some of the gas, thereby creating an electrically conductive channel of plasma. As electricity from the cutter torch travels down this plasma it delivers sufficient heat to melt through the workpiece. At the same time, much of the high-velocity plasma and compressed gas blow the hot molten metal away, thereby separating, i.e. cutting through, the workpiece.

Plasma cutting is an effective way of cutting thin and thick materials alike. Hand-held torches can usually cut up to {{convert|38|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick steel plate, and stronger computer-controlled torches can cut steel up to {{convert|150|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} thick.{{cn|date=February 2024}} Since plasma cutters produce a very hot and very localized "cone" to cut with, they are extremely useful for cutting [[sheet metal]] in curved or angled shapes.

The arcs are generated in a three step process. A high voltage spark briefly ionizes the air within the torch head. This makes the air conductive and allows the "pilot arc" to form. The pilot arc forms within the torch head, with current flowing from the electrode to the nozzle inside the torch head. The pilot arc begins to burn up the nozzle, a consumable part, while in this phase. The air then blows the plasma out the nozzle towards the work, providing a current path from the electrode to the work. When the control system senses current flowing from the electrode to the work, it cuts the electrical connection to the nozzle. Current then flows from the electrode to the work, and the arc forms outside the nozzle. Cutting can then proceed, without burning up the nozzle. Nozzle life is limited by the number of arc starts, not cutting time.