Editing Plate reader (section)

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[[File:Microplate reader.jpg|thumb|[[BioTek]] PowerWave XS Microplate Reader]]
'''Plate readers''', also known as '''microplate readers''' or '''microplate photometers''', are  instruments which are used to detect [[biology|biological]], [[chemistry|chemical]] or [[physics|physical]] events of samples in [[microtiter plate]]s.  They are widely used in research, [[drug discovery]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=Bruno Junior |last2=Agnes |first2=Jonathan Paulo |last3=Gomes |first3=Marcelo do Nascimento |last4=Henriques Donza |first4=Marcio Roberto |last5=Gonçalves |first5=Rosângela Mayer |last6=Delgobo |first6=Marina |last7=Ribeiro de Souza Neto |first7=Lauro |last8=Senger |first8=Mario Roberto |last9=Silva-Junior |first9=Floriano Paes |last10=Ferreira |first10=Sabrina Baptista |last11=Zanotto-Filho |first11=Alfeu |last12=Andrade |first12=Carolina Horta |title=Efficient identification of novel anti-glioma lead compounds by machine learning models |journal=European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |date=March 2020 |volume=189 |pages=111981 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111981 |pmid=31978780 |s2cid=210892159 }}</ref> bioassay validation, quality control and manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry and academic organizations. Sample reactions can be assayed in 1-1536 well format microtiter plates. The most common microplate format used in academic research laboratories or clinical diagnostic laboratories is 96-well (8 by 12 matrix) with a typical reaction volume between 100 and 200 μL per well. Higher density microplates (384- or 1536-well microplates) are typically used for screening applications, when throughput (number of samples per day processed) and assay cost per sample become critical parameters, with a typical assay volume between 5 and 50 μL per well. Common detection modes for microplate assays are absorbance, [[fluorescence]] intensity, [[luminescence]], [[Time-resolved spectroscopy#Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy|time-resolved fluorescence]], and [[fluorescence polarization]].