Editing Pluralistic ignorance (section)

{{Short description|Incorrect perception of others' beliefs}}
{{Copy edit|date=February 2024}}
[[File:20220823 Public underestimation of public support for climate action - poll - false social reality.svg|thumb|upright=1.5 | Research found that 80–90% of Americans underestimate the prevalence of support for major [[climate change mitigation]] policies and climate concern among fellow Americans. While 66–80% Americans support these policies, Americans estimate the prevalence to be 37–43%—barely half as much. Researchers have called this misperception a ''false social reality'', a form of pluralistic ignorance.<ref name=NatureComms_20220823>{{cite journal |last1=Sparkman |first1=Gregg |last2=Geiger |first2=Nathan |last3=Weber |first3=Elke U. |title=Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half |journal=Nature Communications |date=23 August 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=4779 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y |pmid=35999211 |pmc=9399177 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4779S |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yoder |first1=Kate |title=Americans are convinced climate action is unpopular. They're very, very wrong. / Support for climate policies is double what most people think, a new study found. |url=https://grist.org/politics/americans-think-climate-action-unpopular-wrong-study/ |website=Grist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829104543/https://grist.org/politics/americans-think-climate-action-unpopular-wrong-study/ |archive-date=29 August 2022 |date=29 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In [[social psychology]], '''pluralistic ignorance''' (also known as a collective illusion)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bicchieri |first1=Cristina |last2=Fukui |first2=Yoshitaka |title=The Great Illusion: Ignorance, Informational Cascades, and the Persistence of Unpopular Norms |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3857639 |journal=Business Ethics Quarterly |pages=127–155 |doi=10.2307/3857639 |date=1999|volume=9 |issue=1 |jstor=3857639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> is a phenomenon in which people mistakenly believe that others predominantly hold an opinion different from their own.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nickerson |first1=Charlotte |title=Pluralistic Ignorance: Definition & Examples |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/pluralistic-ignorance.html |work=www.simplypsychology.org |date=May 11, 2022}}</ref> In this phenomenon, most people in a group may go along with a view they do not hold because they think, incorrectly, that most other people in the group hold it. Pluralistic ignorance encompasses situations in which a minority position on a given topic is wrongly perceived to be the majority position, or the majority position is wrongly perceived to be a minority position.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Dale T.|last2=McFarland|first2=Cathy|date=1987|title=Pluralistic ignorance: When similarity is interpreted as dissimilarity.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.298|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=53|issue=2|pages=298–305|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.298|issn=0022-3514|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Katz |first1=Daniel |first2=Floyd Henry |last2=Allport |first3=Margaret Babcock |last3=Jenness |title=Students' attitudes; a report of the Syracuse University reaction study |year=1931 |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |publisher=Craftsman Press}}</ref>

Pluralistic ignorance can arise in different ways. An individual may misjudge overall perceptions of a topic due to fear, embarrassment, social desirability, or social inhibition. Individuals may develop collective illusions when they feel they will receive backlash when they think their belief differs from society's belief.<ref name="Anne">{{cite news |last1=Schwenkenbecher |first1=Anne |title=How We Fail to Know: Group-Based Ignorance and Collective Epistemic Obligations |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/SCHHWF.pdf |date=16 February 2021}}</ref> From a group-level perspective, and arguably the most accurate way of analyzing pluralistic ignorance, causes of divergence between public behaviors and private opinions are caused by conservative lags (change in attitude without a change in behavior), liberal leaps (change in behavior without a change in attitude), and social identities (conforming to societal expectations of how one should behave based on the traditional ideals of the group).<ref name="Sargent-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Sargent |first1=Rikki H. |last2=Newman |first2=Leonard S. |date=June 2021 |title=Pluralistic Ignorance Research in Psychology: A Scoping Review of Topic and Method Variation and Directions for Future Research |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1089268021995168 |journal=Review of General Psychology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=163–184 |doi=10.1177/1089268021995168 |s2cid=233661750 |issn=1089-2680|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Psychology Press-1999">{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135685881 |title=Attitudes, Behavior, and Social Context: The Role of Norms and Group Membership |date=1999-11-01 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-4106-0321-0 |editor-last=Terry |editor-first=Deborah J. |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781410603210 |editor-last2=Hogg |editor-first2=Michael A.}}</ref>

However, pluralistic ignorance describes the coincidence of a belief with inaccurate perceptions, but not the process by which those inaccurate perceptions are arrived at. Related phenomena, such as the [[spiral of silence]] and [[false consensus effect]], demonstrate that pluralistic ignorance is not unique in its inaccurate assumption of others' opinions and these misconceptions can lead to negative consequences like [[groupthink]] and the [[bystander effect]].<ref name="Miller-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Dale T. |date=2023 |title=A century of pluralistic ignorance: what we have learned about its origins, forms, and consequences |journal=Frontiers in Social Psychology |volume=1 |doi=10.3389/frsps.2023.1260896 |issn=2813-7876 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Donsbach-2014">{{Cite book |last1=Donsbach |first1=Wolfgang |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203125007 |title=The Spiral of Silence: New Perspectives on Communication and Public Opinion |last2=Salmon |first2=Charles T. |last3=Tsfati |first3=Yariv |date=2014-01-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-12500-7 |edition=1 |location=New York |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203125007}}</ref>