Editing Polio vaccine (section)

{{Short description|Vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{cs1 config |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 450061491
| image              = Poliodrops.jpg
<!-- Vaccine data -->| type               = vaccine
| target             = [[Poliomyelitis]]
| vaccine_type       = IPV: inactivated<br/>OPV: attenuated<br/>nOPV2: attenuated, genetically stabilised
<!-- Clinical data -->| tradename          = Ipol, Poliovax, others
| licence_CA         = Imovax
| Drugs.com          = {{drugs.com|monograph|poliovirus-vaccine-inactivated}}
| MedlinePlus        = a601177
| DailyMedID         = Ipol
| pregnancy_AU       = B2
| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{drugs.com|pregnancy|poliovirus-vaccine-inactivated}}</ref>
| pregnancy_category = 
| legal_AU           = 
| legal_CA           = <!-- I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_UK           = 
| legal_US           = Rx-only
| legal_status       = 
| routes_of_administration = IPV: [[parenteral]]<br/>OPV: [[oral administration|oral]]
| ATC_prefix         = J07
| ATC_suffix         = BF01
| ATC_supplemental   = {{ATC|J07|BF02}} {{ATC|J07|BF03}} {{ATC|J07|BF04}}
<!-- Identifiers -->| CAS_number         = 1008119-78-5
| PubChem            = 
| DrugBank_Ref       = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank           = DB10796
| DrugBank2          = DB10797
| ChemSpiderID_Ref   = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID       = None
}}
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->

'''Polio vaccines''' are [[vaccine]]s used to prevent [[poliomyelitis]] (polio).<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 25 | pages = 277–300 | date = 2022 | hdl=10665/357168 | hdl-access = free | author-link = World Health Organization }}</ref> Two types are used: an [[inactivated vaccine|inactivated]] poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a [[attenuated vaccine|weakened]] poliovirus given by mouth (OPV).<ref name=WHO2016/> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio.<ref name=WHO2016/> The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world,<ref name="Aylward_2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|year=2006|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–413|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354|pmid=16899145|s2cid=25327986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|year=1984|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 | issue = Suppl 2|pages=S424–S426|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424|pmid=6740085}}</ref> and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.<ref name="gwp2013">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|title=Global Wild Poliovirus 2014–2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085212/http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|title=Does polio still exist? Is it curable?|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529121019/http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Safety -->
The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe.<ref name=WHO2016/> Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection.<ref name=WHO2016/> Oral polio vaccines cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.<ref name=WHO2016/> This compares with 5,000 cases per million who are paralysed following a polio infection.<ref name="WHO2017Fs114">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|title=Poliomyelitis|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status = live|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Both types of vaccine are generally safe to give during [[pregnancy]] and in those who have [[HIV/AIDS]], but are otherwise well.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | hdl=10665/254399 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of the vaccine virus that has reverted to causing poliomyelitis, has led to the development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), which aims to make the vaccine safer and thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV.<ref name="GPEI-nOPV2">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-nOPV2|url=https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|access-date=1 August 2021|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211943/https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- History, society and culture -->
The first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine was by [[Hilary Koprowski]] in 1950, with a live [[Attenuated vaccine|attenuated virus]] that people drank.<ref name="Kowproski_obit">{{cite web | vauthors = Fox M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The vaccine was not approved for use in the United States, but was used successfully elsewhere.<ref name="Kowproski_obit"/> The success of an [[Inactivated vaccine|inactivated]] (killed) polio vaccine, developed by [[Jonas Salk]], was [[Announcement of Polio vaccine success|announced in 1955]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bazin H |title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2742007752|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Another attenuated live oral polio vaccine, developed by [[Albert Sabin]], came into commercial use in 1961.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|date=2005|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–116|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|pmid=16422178|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Polio vaccine is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

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