Editing Presbyopia (section)

{{short description|Medical condition associated with aging of the eye}}
{{Redirect|Old Eyes|the music album|Old Eyes (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Presbyopia
| image = [[File:Pesto ingredients - blurred.jpg|300px]]<br />[[File:Pesto ingredients.jpg|300px]]
| alt = Small print ingredients list
| caption = A person with presbyopia cannot easily read the small print of an ingredients list (top), which appear clearer to someone without presbyopia (bottom).
| field = [[Optometry]], [[ophthalmology]]
| synonyms = The aging eye condition<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| symptoms = Difficulty reading small print, having to hold reading material farther away, headaches, [[eyestrain]]<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| complications = 
| onset = Progressively worsening in those over 40 years old<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| duration = 
| types = 
| causes = Aging-related hardening of the [[Lens (vision)|lens of the eye]]<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| risks = 
| diagnosis = [[Eye exam]]<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| differential = 
| prevention = 
| treatment = [[Eyeglasses]],<ref name=NIH2010Pres/> [[contact lens]]es<ref name=Per2017/>
| medication = 
| prognosis = 
| frequency = 25% currently;<ref name=Fri2018/> all eventually affected<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>
| deaths = 
}}

'''Presbyopia''' is a physiological insufficiency of optical [[Accommodation (vertebrate eye)|accommodation]] associated with the aging of the [[human eye|eye]]; it results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects.<ref name="Khurana-Opt">{{cite book |last1= Khurana |first1= AK |title= Theory and practice of optics and refraction |publisher= Elsevier |isbn= 978-81-312-1132-8 |pages= 100–107 |edition= 2nd |chapter= Asthenopia, anomalies of accommodation and convergence|date= September 2008 }}</ref> Also known as age-related farsightedness<ref>{{Cite web|title= 5 Facts About Age-Related Farsightedness You Probably Didn't Know|url= https://www.webmd.com/connect-to-care/lasik/facts-about-age-related-farsightedness|access-date= 2022-02-02|website= www.webmd.com|language= en}}</ref> (or as age-related long sight in the UK<ref>{{Cite web|title= Age-related Long Sight|url= https://patient.info/eye-care/long-sight-hypermetropia/age-related-long-sight-presbyopia|access-date= 2022-02-02|website= patient.info|language= en}}</ref>), it affects many adults over the age of 40. A common sign of presbyopia is difficulty in reading small print, which results in having to hold reading material farther away. Other symptoms associated can be [[headache]]s and [[eyestrain]].<ref name="Khurana-Opt"/> Different people experience different degrees of problems.<ref name=NIH2010Pres/> Other types of [[refractive error]]s may exist at the same time as presbyopia.<ref name=NIH2010Pres/>  This condition is similar to [[hypermetropia]] or far-sightedness, which starts in childhood and exhibits similar symptoms of blur in the vision for close objects.

<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Presbyopia is a typical part of the aging process.<ref name="Khurana-Opt"/> It occurs due to age-related changes in the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] (decreased elasticity and increased hardness) and [[ciliary muscle]] (decreased strength and ability to move the lens), causing the eye to focus right behind rather than on the [[retina]] when looking at close objects.<ref name="Khurana-Opt"/> It is a type of refractive error, along with [[nearsightedness]], [[farsightedness]], and [[astigmatism]].<ref name="Khurana-Opt"/> Diagnosis is by an [[eye examination]].<ref name="Khurana-Opt"/>

<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Presbyopia can be corrected using [[glasses]], [[contact lens]]es, [[multifocal intraocular lens]]es, or [[LASIK]] (PresbyLASIK) surgery.<ref name=Per2017>{{cite journal |last1= Pérez-Prados |first1= Roque |last2= Piñero |first2= David P |last3= Pérez-Cambrodí |first3= Rafael J |last4= Madrid-Costa |first4= David |title= Soft multifocal simultaneous image contact lenses: a review |journal= Clinical and Experimental Optometry |date= March 2017 |volume= 100 |issue= 2 |pages= 107–127 |doi= 10.1111/cxo.12488|pmid= 27800638 |s2cid= 205049139 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= PresbyLASIK - EyeWiki |url= https://eyewiki.aao.org/PresbyLASIK|access-date= 2020-08-27|website= eyewiki.aao.org|language= en}}</ref><ref name="Khurana-Opt" /> The most common treatment is glass correction using appropriate [[convex lens]]. Glasses prescribed to correct presbyopia may be simple reading glasses, [[bifocals]], trifocals, or [[progressive lens]]es.<ref name="Khurana-Opt" />

<!-- Epidemiology and culture -->
People over 40 are at risk for developing presbyopia and all people become affected to some degree.<ref name=NIH2010Pres>{{cite web|title= Facts About Presbyopia|url= https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/presbyopia|website= National Eye Institute|access-date=11 September 2016|date=October 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161004195255/https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/errors/presbyopia|archive-date= 4 October 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref> An estimated 25% of people (1.8 billion globally) had presbyopia {{as of | 2015 | lc = on}}.<ref name=Fri2018>{{cite journal |last1= Fricke |first1= Timothy R. |last2= Tahhan |first2= Nina |last3= Resnikoff |first3= Serge |last4= Papas |first4= Eric |last5= Burnett |first5= Anthea |last6= Ho |first6= Suit May |last7= Naduvilath |first7= Thomas |last8= Naidoo |first8= Kovin S. |title= Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia |journal= Ophthalmology |date= October 2018 |volume= 125 |issue= 10 |pages= 1492–1499 |doi= 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.013|pmid= 29753495 |doi-access= free |hdl= 1959.4/unsworks_79548 |hdl-access= free | quote = We estimate there were 1.8 billion people (prevalence, 25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7–2.0 billion [23%–27%]) globally with presbyopia in 2015 [...].}}
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