Editing Proband (section)

{{Short description|Medical subject being studied and reported on}}
In [[medical genetics]] and other medical fields, a '''proband''', '''propositus''' (male proband), or '''proposita''' (female proband)<ref>Bennett, RL. The Language of the Pedigree. In: ''The Practical Guide to the Genetic Family History''. Wiley-Liss. {{ISBN|9780471459149}}</ref> is a particular subject (human or other animal) being studied or reported on.<ref name="ghr">{{cite web|title=Proband glossary entry|url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=proband|work=Genetics Home Reference|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health|NIH]]|accessdate=20 May 2011}}</ref> On [[Pedigree chart|pedigrees]], the proband is noted with a square (male) or circle (female) shaded accordingly. Denoting the proband is important, so the relationship to other individuals can be seen and patterns established.

In most cases, the proband is the first affected family member who seeks medical attention for a [[genetic disorder]].<ref name="ghr" /> Among the [[ancestor]]s of the proband, other subjects may manifest the disease, but the proband typically refers to the member seeking medical attention or being studied, even if affected ancestors are known.  Often, affected ancestors are unknown due to the lack of information regarding those individuals or about the disease at the time they lived. Other ancestors might be undiagnosed due to the incomplete [[penetrance]] or variable [[expressivity (genetics)|expressivity]].

The diagnosis of a proband raises the [[Medical diagnosis#Concepts related to diagnosis|index of suspicion]] for the proband's relatives and some of them may be diagnosed with the same disease. Conventionally, when drawing a pedigree chart, instead of the first diagnosed person, the proband may be chosen from among the affected [[ancestor]]s (parents, grandparents) from the first generation where the disease is found.

The term "proband" is also used in [[genealogy]], where it denotes the root node of an ''[[ahnentafel]]'', also referred to as the [[progenitor]].

"Proband" was also the term for the individual being tested in a [[trial by ordeal]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Margaret H. |last2=Forsyth |first2=Richard D. |last3=Plyley |first3=Michael J. |date=1992 |title=Cold Water and Hot Iron: Trial by Ordeal in England |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/205237 |journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=573–595 |doi=10.2307/205237 |issn=0022-1953|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

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[[Category:Classical genetics]]


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