Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Probiotic
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{Short description|Microorganisms consumed for health benefits}} {{Distinguish|Prebiotic (nutrition)|text=[[Prebiotic (nutrition)|Prebiotics]], food compounds that induce the growth or activity of microorganisms}} {{Use American English|date=April 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}} <!--"Heinemann" as Paris publisher of Metchnikoff citation is unverified. Rest for this citation is verified/accurate as of 2015-06-11 edits.--> [[File:Yakult drink.jpg|thumb|right|A bottle of [[Yakult]], a probiotic drink containing ''[[Lactobacillus paracasei]]'']] '''Probiotics''' are live [[microorganism]]s that provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the [[microbiota]] in the [[Gut microbiota|gut]].<ref name="nhs">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=Probiotics |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/probiotics/ |publisher=National Health Service |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102142/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/probiotics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2019 |title=Probiotics: What You Need To Know |url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm |access-date=10 November 2019 |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034538/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Probiotics are considered [[GRAS|generally safe to consume]], but may cause [[bacteria]]β[[Host (biology)|host]] interactions and unwanted [[side effect]]s in rare cases.<ref name="DoronSnydman2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doron S, Snydman DR |year=2015 |title=Risk and safety of probiotics. |journal=Clin Infect Dis |type=Review |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S129β234 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ085 |pmc=4490230 |pmid=25922398}}</ref><ref name="SinghiKumar2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singhi SC, Kumar S |year=2016 |title=Probiotics in critically ill children. |journal=F1000Res |type=Review |volume=5 |pages=407 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.7630.1 |pmc=4813632 |pmid=27081478 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="DurchscheinPetritsch2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF |year=2016 |title=Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new. |journal=World J Gastroenterol |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=2179β2194 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179 |pmc=4734995 |pmid=26900283 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is some evidence that probiotics are beneficial for some conditions, such as helping to ease some symptoms of [[irritable bowel syndrome]] (IBS). However, many claimed health benefits, such as treating eczema, or curing vaginal infections lack substantial scientific support.<ref name=nhs/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=France |first=Michael |last2=Alizadeh |first2=Madeline |last3=Brown |first3=Sarah |last4=Ma |first4=Bing |last5=Ravel |first5=Jacques |date=March 2022 |title=Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-022-01083-2 |journal=Nature Microbiology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=367β378 |doi=10.1038/s41564-022-01083-2 |issn=2058-5276 |pmc=8910585 |pmid=35246662}}</ref> The first discovered probiotic was a certain strain of [[bacillus]] in [[Bulgarian yoghurt]], called ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]''. The discovery was made in 1905 by Bulgarian physician and microbiologist [[Stamen Grigorov]]. The modern-day theory is generally attributed to Russian [[Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Γlie Metchnikoff]], who postulated around 1907 that [[yoghurt]]-consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Amy C. |last2=Valiere |first2=Ana |date=2004-01-01 |title=Probiotics and Medical Nutrition Therapy |journal=Nutrition in Clinical Care |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=56β68 |issn=1096-6781 |pmc=1482314 |pmid=15481739}}</ref> A growing probiotics market has led to the need for stricter requirements for [[evidence based medicine|scientific substantiation]] of putative benefits conferred by microorganisms claimed to be probiotic.<ref name="bridging">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P |year=2011 |title=Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: Bridging science and marketing |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=1291β1296 |doi=10.1017/S000711451100287X |pmid=21861940 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although some evidence claimed benefits are marketed towards using probiotic, such as reducing [[gastrointestinal]] discomfort, improving [[immune system|immune health]],<ref name="efsa-heinz">{{Cite journal |last1=Turck |first1=Dominique |last2=Castenmiller |first2=Jacqueline |last3=De Henauw |first3=Stefaan |last4=Hirsch-Ernst |first4=Karen Ildico |last5=Kearney |first5=John |last6=Knutsen |first6=Helle Katrine |last7=MacIuk |first7=Alexandre |last8=Mangelsdorf |first8=Inge |last9=McArdle |first9=Harry J. |last10=Naska |first10=Androniki |last11=Pelaez |first11=Carmen |last12=Pentieva |first12=Kristina |last13=Thies |first13=Frank |last14=Tsabouri |first14=Sophia |last15=Vinceti |first15=Marco |date=15 April 2019 |title=Nutrimune and immune defence against pathogens in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 |journal=EFSA Journal |publisher=European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=e05656 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5656 |pmc=7009160 |pmid=32626282 |doi-access=free |last16=Bresson |first16=Jean-Louis |last17=Siani |first17=Alfonso}}</ref> relieving [[constipation]], or avoiding the [[common cold]], such claims are strain-specific and cannot be extrapolated to other strains.<ref name="bridging" /><ref name="snake">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slashinski MJ, McCurdy SA, Achenbaum LS, Whitney SN, McGuire AL |year=2012 |title='Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research |journal=BMC Medical Ethics |volume=13 |page=28 |doi=10.1186/1472-6939-13-28 |pmc=3512494 |pmid=23110633 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="fda">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2011 |title=Warning letter to CocoKefir LLC |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2011/ucm281492.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20161023100457/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2011/ucm281492.htm |archive-date=23 October 2016 |access-date=4 June 2016 |publisher=Compliance Branch, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission |vauthors=Engle MK, Roosevelt MW, Waltrip EA}}</ref> As of 2019, numerous applications for approval of [[health claim]]s by European manufacturers of probiotic [[dietary supplement]]s have been rejected by the [[European Food Safety Authority]] for insufficient evidence of beneficial mechanism or efficacy.<ref name=efsa-heinz/><ref name="heinz">{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Will |date=18 April 2019 |title=Heinz reels from latest probiotic health claim rejection by EFSA |url=https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2019/04/18/Heinz-reels-from-latest-probiotic-health-claim-rejection-by-EFSA |access-date=11 May 2019 |publisher=NutraIngredients.com, William Reed Business Media Ltd |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020081340/https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2019/04/18/Heinz-reels-from-latest-probiotic-health-claim-rejection-by-EFSA |url-status=live }}</ref>
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)