Editing Procrastination (section)

{{Short description |Avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished by a certain deadline}}
'''Procrastination''' is the act of unnecessarily delaying or postponing something despite knowing that there could be negative consequences for doing so. It is a common human experience involving delays in everyday chores or even putting off tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner.  It is often perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's [[productivity]], associated with [[Depression (mood)|depression]], low [[self-esteem]], guilt, and feelings of inadequacy.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1146738 |title= Procrastination, Self-Esteem, Academic Performance, and Well-Being: A Moderated Mediation Model |author1= Duru, Erdinç |author2= Balkis, Murat |date= June 2017 |orig-year= 31 May 2017 |via= ed.gov |journal= International Journal of Educational Psychology |volume= 6 |issue= 2 |pages= 97–119 |doi= 10.17583/ijep.2017.2584 |doi-access= free |access-date= 16 May 2018 |archive-date= 2 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402072054/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1146738 |url-status= live }}</ref> However, it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Against the Gods: The remarkable story of risk|url=https://archive.org/details/againstgodsremar00plbe|url-access=limited|last=Bernstein|first=Peter|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/againstgodsremar00plbe/page/n37 15]|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780471121046}}</ref>

From a cultural and social perspective, students from both Western and Non-Western cultures are found to exhibit [[academic]] procrastination, but for different reasons. Students from Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from Non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking incompetent or demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Ganesan|display-authors=etal|date=2014|title=Procrastination and the 2 x 2 achievement goal framework in Malaysian undergraduate students|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/44130586/PROCRASTINATION_AND_THE_2_x_2_ACHIEVEMENT_GOAL_FRAMEWORK.pdf|journal=Psychology in the Schools|volume=51|issue=5|pages=506–516|doi=10.1002/pits.21760}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Different cultural perspectives of [[time management]] can impact procrastination. For example, in cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once the allotted time has expired.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-different-cultures-understand-time-2014-5|title=How Different Cultures Understand Time|first=Richard|last=Lewis|website=Business Insider|access-date=2018-12-05|archive-date=2014-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603005839/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-different-cultures-understand-time-2014-5|url-status=live}}</ref>

A study of the behavioral patterns of [[Columbidae|pigeons]] through [[delayed gratification]] suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans but can also be observed in some other animals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazur|first=James|date=1998|title=Procrastination by Pigeons with Fixed-Interval Response Requirements|journal=Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior|volume=69|issue=2|pages=185–197|pmc=1284653|pmid=9540230|doi=10.1901/jeab.1998.69-185}}</ref> There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurry-up one.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazur|first=J E|date=January 1996|title=Procrastination by pigeons: preference for larger, more delayed work requirements.|journal=Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior|volume=65|issue=1|pages=159–171|doi=10.1901/jeab.1996.65-159|issn=0022-5002|pmc=1350069|pmid=8583195}}</ref>

Procrastination has been studied by philosophers, psychologists and, more recently, [[behavioral economics|behavioral economists]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Surowiecki |first=James |date=2010-10-04 |title=Later |language=en-US |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/11/later |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0028-792X |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722183310/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/11/later |url-status=live }}</ref>