Editing Programmed cell death (section)

{{short description|Death of a cell mediated by intracellular program, often as part of development}}
{{For|the protein|Programmed cell death protein 1}}
{{mcn|date=April 2025}}
'''Programmed cell death''' ('''PCD''') sometimes referred to as '''cell, or cellular  suicide'''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Raff|first1=M|date=12 November 1998|title=Cell suicide for beginners.|journal=Nature|volume=396|issue=6707|pages=119–22|doi=10.1038/24055|issn=0028-0836|pmid=9823889|bibcode=1998Natur.396..119R|s2cid=4341684|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Albert's">{{cite web |last1=Alberts |first1=Bruce |last2=Johnson |first2=Alexander |last3=Lewis |first3=Julian |last4=Raff |first4=Martin |last5=Roberts |first5=Keith |last6=Walter |first6=Peter |title=Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26873/#:~:text=If%20cells%20are%20no%20longer,as%20leaves%20from%20a%20tree). |website=Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition |publisher=Garland Science |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=en |date=2002}}</ref><ref name="Genome2025">{{cite web |title=Apoptosis |url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/apoptosis |website=www.genome.gov |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> is the [[death]] of a [[cell (biology)|cell]] as a result of events inside of a cell, such as [[apoptosis]] or [[autophagy]].<ref>{{cite journal
 |vauthors    = Engelberg-Kulka H, Amitai S, Kolodkin-Gal I, Hazan R
 |year        = 2006
 |title       = Bacterial Programmed Cell Death and Multicellular Behavior in Bacteria
 |journal     = [[PLOS Genetics]]
 |volume      = 2
 |issue       = 10
 |pages       = e135
 |doi         = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020135
 |pmid        = 17069462
 |pmc         = 1626106
|doi-access = free
 }}
</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Douglas|title=Means To An End|year=2011|publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87969-887-4|url=http://celldeathbook.wordpress.com/}}</ref> PCD is carried out in a [[biological process]], which usually confers advantage during an organism's [[biological life cycle|lifecycle]]. For example, the [[Limb development|differentiation of fingers and toes]] in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers [[apoptose]]; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both [[plant]] and [[animal]] tissue development.

Apoptosis and autophagy are both forms of programmed cell death.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Kierszenbaum|first=Abraham|title=Histology and Cell Biology - An Introduction to Pathology|publisher=ELSEVIER SAUNDERS|year=2012|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> [[Necrosis]] is the death of a cell caused by external factors such as trauma or infection and occurs in several different forms. Necrosis was long seen as a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury,<ref name=":1" /> but in the 2000s, a form of programmed necrosis, called [[necroptosis]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury|journal = Nature Chemical Biology|date = 2005-07-01|issn = 1552-4450|pmid = 16408008|pages = 112–119|volume = 1|issue = 2|doi = 10.1038/nchembio711|first1 = Alexei|last1 = Degterev|first2 = Zhihong|last2 = Huang|first3 = Michael|last3 = Boyce|first4 = Yaqiao|last4 = Li|first5 = Prakash|last5 = Jagtap|first6 = Noboru|last6 = Mizushima|first7 = Gregory D.|last7 = Cuny|first8 = Timothy J.|last8 = Mitchison|first9 = Michael A.|last9 = Moskowitz|s2cid = 866321}}</ref> was recognized as an alternative form of programmed cell death. It is hypothesized that necroptosis can serve as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses or mutations. Most recently, other types of regulated necrosis have been discovered as well, which share several signaling events with necroptosis and apoptosis.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |vauthors=Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P |year=2014
 |title=Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways
 |journal=[[Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol]]
 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=135–147
 |doi=10.1038/nrm3737
 |pmid=24452471
|s2cid=13919892
 }}</ref>