Editing Protoplasm (section)

{{Short description|Alternative term for cytoplasm or cytoplasm and nucleoplasm}}

'''Protoplasm''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|oʊ|t|ə|ˌ|p|l|æ|z|əm}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/protoplasm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025901/https://www.lexico.com/definition/protoplasm |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 10, 2021 |title=protoplasm |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com|protoplasm}}</ref> {{plural form|'''protoplasms'''}})<ref>{{Wiktionary-inline|protoplasm}}</ref> is the part of a [[cell (biology)|cell]] that is surrounded by a [[plasma membrane]]. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, [[Monosaccharide|monosaccharides]], amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc.

In some definitions, it is a general term for the [[cytoplasm]] (e.g., Mohl, 1846),<ref name="Cammack">{{Citation |author1=Cammack, Richard |author2=Teresa Atwood |author3=Attwood, Teresa K. |author4=Campbell, Peter Scott |author5=Parish, Howard I. |author6=Smith, Tony |author7=Vella, Frank |author8=Stirling, John |title=Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-852917-0}}</ref> but for others, it also includes the [[nucleoplasm]] (e.g., Strasburger, 1882). For Sharp (1921), "According to the older usage the extra-nuclear portion of the [[protoplast]] [''the entire cell, excluding the cell wall''] was called "protoplasm," but the nucleus also is composed of protoplasm, or living substance in its broader sense. The current consensus is to avoid this ambiguity by employing [[Eduard Strasburger|Strasburger]]'s (1882) terms [[cytoplasm]] [''coined by [[Albert von Kölliker|Kölliker]] (1863), originally as synonym for protoplasm''] and [[nucleoplasm]] [''term coined by [[Edouard Van Beneden|van Beneden]] (1875), or [[karyoplasm]], used by [[Walther Flemming|Flemming]] (1878)'']."<ref>Sharp, L. W. (1921). ''[https://archive.org/details/introductiontocy032473mbp Introduction To Cytology]''. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 25.</ref><ref>Strasburger, E. (1882). Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung. ''Arch Mikr Anat'', 21: 476-590, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49525#page/536/mode/1up BHL].</ref><ref>Beneden, E. van (1875). La maturation de l'oeuf, la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin. ''Bull. Acad. Bel. Cl. Sci.'' 40, 2 sèr.: 686-736, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28486#page/714/mode/1up BHL].</ref><ref>Flemming, W. (1878). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. ''Arch. f. mikr. Anat.'', 16: 302-436, p. 360, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49519#page/370/mode/1up BHL].</ref><ref>Battaglia, E. (2009). [http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/62_4supplement/62-4_supplement.pdf Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature]. ''Caryologia'', 62(4), 1.</ref> The cytoplasm definition of Strasburger excluded the [[plastid]]s (''Chromatoplasm'').

Like the nucleus, whether to include the [[vacuole]] in the protoplasm concept is controversial.<ref>Parker, J. 1972. Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits, p. 125-176. In: Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.), ''Water deficits and plant growth''. Vol. III. Plant responses and control of water balance. Academic Press, New York, p. 144, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gOEr2alLRUYC].</ref>